Psalm 20

This article is about Psalm 20 in Hebrew (Masoretic) numbering. For Psalm 20 in Greek Septuagint or Latin Vulgate numbering, see Psalm 21.
Psalm 20
"The LORD hear thee in the day of trouble"
Psalms 20-21 in Biblia Hebraica Kittel (1909)
Other name"Exaudiat te Dominus"
Textattributed to David
LanguageHebrew (original)
Psalm 20
BookBook of Psalms
Hebrew Bible partKetuvim
Order in the Hebrew part1
CategorySifrei Emet
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part19

Psalm 20 is the 20th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "The LORD hear thee in the day of trouble". The Book of Psalms is part of the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and a book of the Christian Old Testament. In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 19. In Latin, it is known by the incipit, "Exaudiat te Dominus".[1] The psalm is attributed to David. This psalm and the following one are closely related: they are both liturgical psalms: the first is an intercession, the second is a thanksgiving; in both, the king is the prominent figure.[2]

Psalm 20 is used in both Jewish and Christian liturgies. It has often been set to music.

Text

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Hebrew

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The following table shows the Hebrew text[3][4] of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain).

Verse Hebrew English translation (JPS 1917)
1 לַמְנַצֵּ֗חַ מִזְמ֥וֹר לְדָוִֽד׃‎ For the Leader. A Psalm of David.
2 יַֽעַנְךָ֣ יְ֭הֹוָה בְּי֣וֹם צָרָ֑ה יְ֝שַׂגֶּבְךָ֗ שֵׁ֤ם ׀ אֱלֹהֵ֬י יַעֲקֹֽב׃‎ The LORD answer thee in the day of trouble; The name of the God of Jacob set thee up on high;
3 יִשְׁלַֽח־עֶזְרְךָ֥ מִקֹּ֑דֶשׁ וּ֝מִצִּיּ֗וֹן יִסְעָדֶֽךָּ׃‎ Send forth thy help from the sanctuary, And support thee out of Zion;
4 יִזְכֹּ֥ר כׇּל־מִנְחֹתֶ֑ךָ וְעוֹלָתְךָ֖ יְדַשְּׁנֶ֣ה סֶֽלָה׃‎ Receive the memorial of all thy meal-offerings, And accept the fat of thy burnt-sacrifice; Selah
5 יִֽתֶּן־לְךָ֥ כִלְבָבֶ֑ךָ וְֽכׇל־עֲצָתְךָ֥ יְמַלֵּֽא׃‎ Grant thee according to thine own heart, And fulfil all thy counsel.
6 נְרַנְּנָ֤ה ׀ בִּ֘ישׁ֤וּעָתֶ֗ךָ וּבְשֵֽׁם־אֱלֹהֵ֥ינוּ נִדְגֹּ֑ל יְמַלֵּ֥א יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה כׇּל־מִשְׁאֲלוֹתֶֽיךָ׃‎ We will shout for joy in thy victory, And in the name of our God we will set up our standards; The LORD fulfil all thy petitions.
7 עַתָּ֤ה יָדַ֗עְתִּי כִּ֤י הוֹשִׁ֥יעַ ׀ יְהֹוָ֗ה מְשִׁ֫יח֥וֹ יַ֭עֲנֵהוּ מִשְּׁמֵ֣י קׇדְשׁ֑וֹ בִּ֝גְבֻר֗וֹת יֵ֣שַׁע יְמִינֽוֹ׃‎ Now know I that the LORD saveth His anointed; He will answer him from His holy heaven With the mighty acts of His saving right hand.
8 אֵ֣לֶּה בָ֭רֶכֶב וְאֵ֣לֶּה בַסּוּסִ֑ים וַאֲנַ֓חְנוּ ׀ בְּשֵׁם־יְהֹוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣ינוּ נַזְכִּֽיר׃‎ Some trust in chariots, and some in horses; But we will make mention of the name of the LORD our God.
9 הֵ֭מָּה כָּרְע֣וּ וְנָפָ֑לוּ וַאֲנַ֥חְנוּ קַּ֝֗מְנוּ וַנִּתְעוֹדָֽד׃‎ They are bowed down and fallen; But we are risen, and stand upright.
10 יְהֹוָ֥ה הוֹשִׁ֑יעָה הַ֝מֶּ֗לֶךְ יַעֲנֵ֥נוּ בְיוֹם־קׇרְאֵֽנוּ׃‎ Save, LORD; Let the King answer us in the day that we call

King James Version

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  1. The LORD hear thee in the day of trouble; the name of the God of Jacob defend thee;
  2. Send thee help from the sanctuary, and strengthen thee out of Zion;
  3. Remember all thy offerings, and accept thy burnt sacrifice; Selah.
  4. Grant thee according to thine own heart, and fulfil all thy counsel.
  5. We will rejoice in thy salvation, and in the name of our God we will set up our banners: the LORD fulfil all thy petitions.
  6. Now know I that the LORD saveth his anointed; he will hear him from his holy heaven with the saving strength of his right hand.
  7. Some trust in chariots, and some in horses: but we will remember the name of the LORD our God.
  8. They are brought down and fallen: but we are risen, and stand upright.
  9. Save, LORD: let the king hear us when we call.

History

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In the International Critical Commentary series, Charles and Emilie Briggs suggest that it was written during the reign of Jehoshaphat.[5]

Usage

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In Jewish prayer

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The 70 words in this psalm may reference the 70 years of exile between the first and second temples, or as suggested in the Zohar, the 70 cries of pain associated with child birth.[6] It has been inserted into daily prayer following the loss of the second temple to symbolize the somber period prior to the construction of the third temple.[7]

It is used in Jewish prayer in several ways:

  • The psalm is recited daily in most communities. In Sephardic communities (as well as some Hassidic communities, including Chabad), it is omitted on any day that Tachnun is omitted. On Ashkenazic communities, it is omitted only on Shabbat, Yom Tov, Rosh Chodesh, Chol Hamoed, Tisha B'Av, Hanukkah, Purim, Shushan Purim, the 14th and 15th of Adar I, and Erev Yom Kippur and Erev Passover (some communities, such as Frankfurt Am Main, omit it also on the day proceeding every Festival and the day immediately following a festival (Isru Chag)). In this context it is known as Lamenatzeiach (the first word of the psalm in Hebrew), and is recited between Ashrei and Uva Letziyon toward the end of Shacharit. In the Italian rite, it is recited as part of long Tachnun (recited on Mondays and Thursdays), but it is never recited between Ashrei and Uva Letziyon.
  • Verses 2 and 10 are part of the opening paragraph of the long Tachanun recited on Mondays and Thursdays.[8]
  • Verse 10 is the 11th verse of V'hu Rachum in Pesukei Dezimra,[9] is the final verse of Yehi Kivod in Pesukei Dezimra,[10] is found in Uva Letzion,[11] is the second of two verses recited as an introduction at Maariv,[12] and is part of Havdalah.[13]
  • It is also considered appropriate to recite in times of stress, such as when in labor.[6]
  • It is recited either at the beginning or the end of the Yom Kippur Katan services.

Book of Common Prayer

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In the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, this psalm is appointed to be read on the morning of the fourth day of the month.[14]

Ancient pagan version

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In the 1980s, a new papyrus, known as Papyrus Amherst 63, was translated. This papyrus was discovered in the late 19th century at Luxor (ancient Thebes), and is currently hold at the Morgan Library in New York. According to Karel van der Toorn, it dates towards the 4th century BC (although the texts contained there were probably composed in the 7th century BC at the latest) and contains a sort of "pagan" and "Northern Israelite" version of Psalm 20 in Aramaic (with demotic script).[15]

Musical settings

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Psalm 20 was set in a German paraphrase by Heinrich Schütz for the Becker Psalter, "Der Herr erhört dich in der Not" (The Lord will hear you in need), SWV 116. This psalm in Latin was set to music in 1688 by Michel-Richard de Lalande, as a grand motet (S.36, music lost). André Campra set one grand motet. Marc-Antoine Charpentier set around 1670 one "Exaudiat te Dominus", H.162 for soloists, double chorus, double orchestra (flutes and strings), and continuo, around 1675 one "Prière pour le Roi" H.165 for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments, and continuo. At the beginning of the 1680s, he set another one, "Exaudiat pour le Roi à 4", H.180, ( H.180 a, H.180 b, 1690) for soloists, chorus, and continuo. Henry Desmarest set one grand motet "Exaudiat te Dominus". François Giroust set on grand motet Exaudiat te Dominus in 1787.

References

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  1. ^ Parallel Latin/English Psalter / Psalmus 19 (20) medievalist.net
  2. ^ Kirkpatrick, A. F., (1906), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Psalm 20, accessed 10 October 2021
  3. ^ "Psalms – Chapter 20". Mechon Mamre.
  4. ^ "Psalms 20 - JPS 1917". Sefaria.org.
  5. ^ Charles Augustus Briggs; Emilie Grace Briggs (1960) [1906]. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Psalms. International Critical Commentary. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: T & T Clark. p. 176.
  6. ^ a b Barenblat, Rachel. "Psalm 20: a psalm for childbirth". VelveteenRabbi. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  7. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 152
  8. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 125
  9. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 62
  10. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 66
  11. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 157
  12. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 257
  13. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 619
  14. ^ Church of England, Book of Common Prayer: The Psalter as printed by John Baskerville in 1762, pp. 196ff
  15. ^ «Egyptian Papyrus Sheds New Light on Jewish History». The BAS Library
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