Roman tuba
The Roman tuba (plural: tubae), or trumpet[1][2] was a military signal instrument used by the ancient Roman military and in religious rituals.[3][4][5] They would signal troop movements such as retreating,[6] attacking, or charging,[7][8] as well as when guards should mount, sleep,[9] or change posts.[7][10] Thirty-six or thirty-eight tubicines (tuba players; singular tubicen) were assigned to each Roman legion.[11][12] The tuba would be blown twice each spring in military, governmental, or religious functions. This ceremony was known as the tubilustrium. It was also used in ancient Roman triumphs.[13][14][15] It was considered a symbol of war and battle.[16] The instrument was used by the Etruscans in their funerary rituals.[17] It continued to be used in ancient Roman funerary practices.[18]
Roman tubae were usually straight cylindrical instruments with a bell at the end.[2][5][19][20] They were typically made of metals such as silver,[21] bronze, or lead and measured around 4.33 ft or 1.31 meters.[6][22] Their players, known as the tubicines or tubatores were well-respected in Roman society.[23][24][25] The tuba was only capable of producing rhythmic sounds on one or two pitches.[26] Its noise was often described as terrible, raucous, or hoarse.[27] Ancient writers describe the tuba as invoking fear and terror in those who heard it.[28]
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Roman tuba found in archaeological site of Roman Villa di San Vincenzino, Italy -
Reconstructed Roman tuba -
Musicians playing a Roman tuba, a water organ (hydraulis), and a pair of cornua, detail from the Zliten mosaic, 2nd century AD -
Roman cornu (left) and tuba (right) in a relief from the Museo Ostiense, Ostia Antica, Italy
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References
[edit]- ^ Haarmann 2014, p. 26.
- ^ a b Schlesinger 1911, pp. 700–701.
- ^ Janniard 2015, p. 1.
- ^ Rüpke 2011, p. 28.
- ^ a b Ziolkowski 1999, p. 371.
- ^ a b Vincent 2015, p. [page needed].
- ^ a b Renatus 1767, p. 214.
- ^ Sage 2014, p. 1.
- ^ Rankov 2015, p. 1.
- ^ Cross 2013, p. 10.
- ^ Wallace & McGrattan 2012.
- ^ Southern 2007, p. 158.
- ^ Perot 2020, p. 91.
- ^ Naumann, Ouseley & Praeger 2013, p. 161.
- ^ López 2012, p. 15.
- ^ Alexandrescu 2007, p. 40.
- ^ Griffith 2013, p. 237.
- ^ Wyslucha 2018, pp. 75–95.
- ^ Coulston 2015, p. 629.
- ^ Rance 2015, p. 629.
- ^ Meucci 1989, p. 88.
- ^ Ceulemans 2002, pp. 1–35.
- ^ Koehler 2015, p. 170.
- ^ Howley 2018, p. 161.
- ^ Bohec 2013, p. 46.
- ^ Williams 2014, p. 7.
- ^ Wootton 2004, p. 249.
- ^ Betts 2017, pp. 153–156.
Sources
[edit]- Alexandrescu, Cristina-Georgeta (2007). "The Iconography of Wind Instruments in Ancient Rome: Cornu, Bucina, Tuba, and Lituus". Music in Art. 32 (1–2): 33–46. ISSN 1522-7464. JSTOR 41818803.
- Betts, Eleanor (24 February 2017). Senses of the Empire: Multisensory Approaches to Roman Culture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-05728-4.
- Bohec, Yann Le (28 October 2013). The Imperial Roman Army. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95506-9.
- Bohec, Yann Le; Brizzi, Giovanni, eds. (2015). The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army. Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781118318140. ISBN 978-1-118-31814-0.
- Coulston, Jon. "Music: Principate". In Bohec & Brizzi (2015), pp. 629–672.
- Ceulemans, Anne-Emmanuelle (2002). "Instruments Real and Imaginary: Aaron's Interpretation of Isidore and an Illustrated Copy of the 'Toscanello'". Early Music History. 21: 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0261127902002012. ISSN 0261-1279. JSTOR 853898. S2CID 193209025.
- Cross, R. (2013), Bold as brass: 'brass instruments' in the Roman army
- Griffith, Alison B. (28 March 2013), Evans, Jane DeRose (ed.), "Reconstructing Religious Ritual in Italy", A Companion to the Archaeology of the Roman Republic, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 235–249, doi:10.1002/9781118557129.ch15, ISBN 978-1-118-55712-9, retrieved 5 October 2022
- Haarmann, Harald (11 August 2014), McInerney, Jeremy (ed.), "Ethnicity and Language in the Ancient Mediterranean", A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean (1st ed.), Wiley, pp. 17–33, doi:10.1002/9781118834312.ch2, ISBN 978-1-4443-3734-1, retrieved 5 October 2022
- Howley, Joseph A. (12 April 2018). Aulus Gellius and Roman Reading Culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-51012-4.
- Janniard, Sylvain. "Transmission of Orders: Late Empire". In Bohec & Brizzi (2015), pp. 979–1028.
- Koehler, Elisa (1 March 2015). A Dictionary for the Modern Trumpet Player. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-8658-2.
- López, María Isabel Rodríguez (2012). "Victory, Triumph and Fame as the Iconic Expressions of the Courtly Power". Music in Art. 37 (1/2): 9–23. ISSN 1522-7464. JSTOR 24420190.
- Meucci, Renato (1989). "Roman Military Instruments and the Lituus". Galpin Society Journal. 42: 85–97. doi:10.2307/842625. ISSN 0072-0127. JSTOR 842625.
- Naumann, Emil; Ouseley, F. A. Gore; Praeger, Ferdinand Christian Wilhelm, eds. (2013), "The Romans", The History of Music, Cambridge Library Collection – Music, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 158–167, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139833646.009, ISBN 978-1-108-06163-6, retrieved 5 October 2022
- Perot, Sylvain (2020), Lynch, Tosca A.C.; Rocconi, Eleonora (eds.), "Ancient Musical Performance in Context: Places, Settings, and Occasions", A Companion to Ancient Greek and Roman Music (1st ed.), Wiley, pp. 87–102, doi:10.1002/9781119275510.ch7, ISBN 978-1-119-27547-3, S2CID 225529593, retrieved 5 October 2022
- Rance, Philip. "Music: Late Empire". In Bohec & Brizzi (2015), pp. 629–672.
- Rankov, Boris. "Transmission of Orders: Principate". In Bohec & Brizzi (2015), pp. 979–1028.
- Renatus, Flavius (1767). The Military Institutions of the Romans. Translated by Clarke, John. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022 – via digitalattic.org. Translation De re militari
- Rüpke, Jörg (2011). The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History and the Fasti (1st ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781444396539.ch3. ISBN 978-0-470-65508-5.
- Sage, Michael (30 January 2014), "Tubicen", in Bagnall, Roger S; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B; Erskine, Andrew (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, pp. wbeah19177, doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah19177, ISBN 978-1-4443-3838-6, retrieved 5 October 2022
- Schlesinger, Kathleen (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 697–706.
- Southern, Pat (1 October 2007). The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804401-7.
- Wallace, John; McGrattan, Alexander (31 January 2012). The Trumpet. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17816-6.
- Williams, Edward V. (14 July 2014). The Bells of Russia: History and Technology. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-5463-9.
- Wyslucha, Kamila (22 March 2018). "Tibia and Tuba at the Crossroads of Funerary and Nuptial Imagery". Greek and Roman Musical Studies. 6 (1): 79–95. doi:10.1163/22129758-12341313. ISSN 2212-9758.
- Wootton, Glenys E. M. (2004). "Representations of Musicians in the Roman Mime". Mediterranean Archaeology. 17: 243–252. ISSN 1030-8482. JSTOR 24668157.
- Vincent, Alexandre. "[chapter missing]". In Bohec & Brizzi (2015), p. [page needed].
- Ziolkowski, John (1999). "The Invention of the Tuba (Trumpet)". Classical World. 92 (4): 367–373. doi:10.2307/4352289. ISSN 0009-8418. JSTOR 4352289.
