SS Arabic (1920)

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SS Arabic at sea
History
German Empire
Name	Berlin
Operator	Norddeutscher Lloyd
Builder	AG Weser, Bremen
Launched	7 November 1908
Completed	25 April 1909
Commissioned	October 1914[1]
Fate	Interned 18 November 1914
United Kingdom
Name	Arabic
Operator	White Star Line Red Star Line
Acquired	by purchase, November 1920
In service	7 September 1921
Fate	Sold for scrapping, December 1931
General characteristics [2]
Tonnage	16,786 GRT
Displacement	23,700 t
Length	613 ft (187 m)
Beam	69 ft 8 in (21.23 m)
Propulsion	Quadruple expansion steam engines, 16,000 ihp (11,931 kW), 2 propellers
Speed	19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)
Capacity	3212 passengers: 266 × 1st class 246 × 2nd class 2,700 × 3rd class
Crew	410

SS Arabic, originally built as Berlin, was a passenger steamship launched on 7 November 1908 which was built by the AG Weser shipbuilding company in Germany. Her gross register tonnage was advertised at 16,786 tons. She made her maiden voyage on 1 May 1909 from New York to Genoa and Bremerhaven. In September 1914 she became an auxiliary cruiser with the Imperial German Navy as a minelayer.

Berlin remained in Norway for the duration of the war. In 1919 she was transferred to Britain as war reparations and put into service as the White Star Line's Arabic. In 1931 she was discarded and broken up for scrap.

Berlin was built in 1908 by AG Weser of Bremen for the North German Lloyd shipping line, and saw service on the Genoa to New York City route prior to the outbreak of the First World War. In August 1914 Berlin was at Bremerhaven undergoing repairs, and was taken over by the Imperial German Navy for service as an auxiliary cruiser.^[3]

Berlin was intended for use as a fast minelayer and also to operate as a commerce raider. This was part of Germany's kleinkrieg campaign, to wear down Britain's numerical advantage by using mines and other devices to sink warships, or to divert them from fleet operations into trade protection. Berlin was converted for the role at Kaiserliche Werft ( KWW ) in Wilhelmshaven and equipped with minelaying equipment and 200 mines. She also carried two 105 mm guns, and several heavy machine guns.

Commissioned in October 1914 under the command of KzS Hans Pfundheller, the ship's first mission was laying a mine field off the north-west coast of Ireland against British trade. This she succeeded in doing, laying 200 mines on 23 October off Tory Island. The first victim of Berlin's minefield was the British cargo ship SS Manchester Commerce of 5,363 GRT. By chance the Grand Fleet had evacuated Scapa Flow under the threat of U-boat attacks (the Flow being undefended at that time) and were stationed temporarily at Lough Swilly.^[4] On 27 October vessels of the Grand Fleet sailed into Berlin’s minefield; the new dreadnought battleship HMS Audacious was struck and damaged, sinking later as efforts were made to tow her to safety. The trans-Atlantic liner RMS Olympic was also in the area, with a full complement of passengers, but she escaped hitting any of Berlin’s mines, thus avoiding a major diplomatic incident.^[5]

Berlin sought to return to Germany, but put in at Trondheim with storm damage. Having outstayed her 24 hours grace and unfit to leave port, she was interned by the Norwegians on 18 November 1914.^[6]

In December 1919 she was a war reparation to P&O Line. About a year later in 1920 she was purchased by the White Star Line, based in Liverpool and was refitted in Portsmouth, it was then she was renamed the SS Arabic. In September 1921 she made her maiden voyage as a White Star Line ship, via the Southampton to New York route. Afterwards, she sailed on the Mediterranean to New York service until 1924 when she was moved to the Hamburg to New York route, later that year her passenger accommodation was modified, and on 29 October 1926 Arabic made her first voyage under charter to the Red Star Line and resumed doing so until 1930 when she reverted to the White Star Line and her passenger accommodation was again modified. Less than one year later she was sold for breaking up at Genoa.

• Halpern, Paul G. (1994). A Naval History of World War I. London: UCL Press. ISBN 1-85728-295-7. OCLC 31160583.
• Hawkins, Nigel (2002). The Starvation Blockades: Naval Blockades of WW1. Barnsley: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-908-1. OCLC 1154858280.
• Schmalenbach, Paul (1979). German Raiders: A History of Auxiliary Cruisers of the German Navy, 1895-1945. Cambridge [England]: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 0-85059-351-4. OCLC 7843588.

• Media related to Arabic (ship, 1909) at Wikimedia Commons
• Media related to SS Berlin (1908) at Wikimedia Commons
• The Ship List