Salmon calcitonin

Salmon calcitonin (sCT)[1] is the type of calcitonin hormone found in salmon.[2]

Similar to humans, salmon calcitonin is a peptide hormone produced in the ultimobranchial region by parafollicular cells in response to hypercalcemia and lowers blood calcium and phosphate by promoting renal excretion.

Composition

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Salcatonin is composed of 32 amino acids, of which 13 differ from human calcitonin. The structure of human calcitonin and salcatonin is as follows:[3]

Human calcitonin:

H-Cys1-Gly-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys7-Met-Leu-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Asp-Phe-Asn-Lys-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ala-lle-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro-NH2

Salcatonin:

H-Cys1-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys7-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Gly-Thr-Pro-NH2

The cysteine in the first and seventh positions form a disulfide bond.

Therapeutic usage

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Synthetic salmon calcitonin may be used therapeutically in humans, as it is twenty times more active than human calcitonin and has a longer half-life. It is used as therapy for Paget's disease, severe hypercalcemia, and in some cases, gynecomastia.[4] It is also used as a therapy against osteoporosis working as an inhibitor of osteoclastic resorption and production of osteoclast precursors), having an effectiveness of 40-50 times that of the human analogue.[2] Studies have shown that treatment of with salcatonin can reduce the rate of new fractures in the lumbar spine and the forearm in postmenopausal women.[5] They may also have analgesic effects, relieving bone pain.

Pharmaceutical salmon calcitonin formulations

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Calcitonin, as salmon calcitonin (sCT), is available in the pharmaceutical market as an injectable preparation for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous application. Noninvasive sCT preparation as a nasal spray is commercially produced and received US FDA approval under the proprietary name Miacalcin® in 1975 for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The bioavailability of Miacalcin® nasal spray relative to the injectable form is between 3% and 5%.[6] Currently, a number of sCT oral preparations are under clinical trials and at least one of them has reached Phase III of clinical approval.[7]

References

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  1. ^ Zakariassen, Hannah Louise; John, Linu Mary; Lykkesfeldt, Jens; Raun, Kirsten; Glendorf, Tine; Schaffer, Lauge; Lundh, Sofia; Secher, Anna; Lutz, Thomas Alexander; Le Foll, Christelle (1 May 2020). "Salmon calcitonin distributes into the arcuate nucleus to a subset of NPY neurons in mice". Neuropharmacology. 167: 107987. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107987. ISSN 0028-3908.
  2. ^ a b Plosker, GL; McTavish, D (1996). "Intranasal salcatonin (salmon calcitonin). A review of its pharmacological properties and role in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis". Drugs & Aging. 8 (5): 378–400. doi:10.2165/00002512-199608050-00006. PMID 8935399. S2CID 25556109.
  3. ^ Yao, Mingyi; Abel, Peter (2016). "Salcatonin: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference". Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences. Elsevier. pp. 1–7. ISBN 9780128012383.
  4. ^ Vankrunkelsven, P. J.; Thijs, M. M. (1994-08-13). "Salcatonin and gynaecomastia". The Lancet. Originally published as Volume 2, Issue 8920. 344 (8920): 482. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91820-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 7914597. S2CID 44796170.
  5. ^ Overgaard, Kirsten; Hansen, Marc Allen; Jensen, Signe Birk; Christiansen, Claus (September 5, 1992). "Effect of salcatonin given intranasally on bone mass and fracture rates in established osteoporosis: a dose-response study". British Medical Journal. 305 (6853): 556–561. doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6853.556. PMC 1883290. PMID 1393035 – via GALE.
  6. ^ Chesnut, CH; Azria, M; Silverman, S; Engelhardt, M; Olson, M; Mindeholm, L (2008). "Salmon calcitonin: a review of current and future therapeutic indications". Osteoporos Int. 19 (4): 479–491. doi:10.1007/s00198-007-0490-1. PMID 18071651. S2CID 10760391.
  7. ^ das Neves, José; Sarmento, Bruno (2014). "Eligen® Technology for Oral Delivery of Proteins and Peptides". Mucosal Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 407–422. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9524-6_18. ISBN 978-1-4614-9524-6.


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