Skyactiv

Skyactiv
Mazda Skyactiv logo from 2011 to 2019
Overview
ManufacturerMazda

Skyactiv (styled SKYACTIV) is a brand name for a series of automobile technologies developed by Mazda that increase fuel efficiency and engine output. The initial announcement of the Skyactiv technologies included new engines, transmissions, body, and chassis, which appeared in Mazda products from 2011 onwards.[1][2][3][4]

The Mazda Sky concept

[edit]

The precursor of Skyactiv, which featured a Mazda Sky-G 2.3-liter direct injection petrol engine, a Mazda Sky-D 2.2-liter diesel engine, a Sky-Drive automatic transmission, a Mazda Kiyora with Sky-G 1.3 engine and Sky-Drive automatic transmission, was unveiled at the 40th Tokyo Motor Show in 2008.[5][6] The Skyactiv concept features a revised suspension geometry, improved automatic and manual transmission, and various improvements to Mazda's L- engine such as direct injection, upgraded exhaust manifold, increased compression ratio for cleaner burn and higher thermal efficiency, among other improvements. Mazda's previous chassis for the Mazda3 and Mazda6 were carried over to the new vehicles.

Skyactiv-G

[edit]
Skyactiv-G
Overview
Also called
  • Sky-G
  • Skyactiv-P
Production2012-present
Layout
Configuration
Displacement
  • 1,298 cc (79.2 cu in)
  • 1,496 cc (91.3 cu in)
  • 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)
  • 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in)
  • 3,283 cc (200.3 cu in)
Cylinder bore
  • 71.0 mm (2.80 in)
  • 74.5 mm (2.93 in)
  • 83.5 mm (3.29 in)
  • 89.0 mm (3.50 in)
  • 86.0 mm (3.39 in)
Piston stroke
  • 82.0 mm (3.23 in)
  • 85.8 mm (3.38 in)
  • 91.2 mm (3.59 in)
  • 100.0 mm (3.94 in)
  • 94.2 mm (3.71 in)
Cylinder block materialAluminum
Cylinder head materialAluminum
ValvetrainDOHC
Compression ratio
  • 13.0:1
  • 14.0:1
  • 10.5:1 (2.5 L I4 Turbo)
  • 12.0:1 (3.3 L I6 Turbo)
Combustion
TurbochargerSingle with dynamic pressure anti-lag device and air-to-air or air-to-liquid intercooler (PY-VPTS)
Fuel systemPetrol direct injection
Fuel typePetrol / Petrol Flexifuel (Some Version)
Oil systemWet sump
Cooling systemWater-cooled
Chronology
Predecessor

The Skyactiv-G[7] is a family of direct injection petrol engines. The engine compression ratio is increased to 14.0:1. To reduce the risk of engine knock at high compression, residual gas is reduced by using 4-2-1 engine exhaust systems, implementing a piston cavity, and optimizing fuel injection. In addition, combustion duration is shortened by intensifying air flow, increasing injection pressure, and using multi-hole injectors.

It features an all-aluminum construction with chain-driven dual overhead camshafts with VVT and gasoline direct injection; with direct ignition, it meets ULEV emission standards. Skyactiv-G engines for the U.S. market have a lower compression ratio of 13:1, allowing them to operate on standard instead of premium fuel with an approximate 3-5 percent reduction in torque and fuel economy.[8]

1.3 L

[edit]

The Skyactiv-G 1.3 (P3-VPS) is a naturally aspirated variant with 1,298 cc (79.2 cu in) engine displacement and features a 71 mm (2.8 in) bore and an 82 mm (3.2 in) stroke. The engine was unveiled at the 2011 Automotive Engineering Exposition.[9][10]

Five Mazda engineers were awarded the 2011 Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Medal on April 20, 2012 specifically for the "development of a petrol engine (1.3 L) with a super-high compression ratio and achieving fuel efficiency of 30 km per litre (under Japan's 10-15 cycle)".[11] The engine was first used in the Mazda Demio 1.3-Skyactiv, being the only Skyactiv engine to be paired with a CVT.[12][13]

It is rated at 62 kW (84 PS; 83 hp) and 113 N⋅m (83 lbf⋅ft).[14]

Applications:

1.5 L

[edit]

The Skyactiv-G 1.5, or (PR-VP RS) for RWD applications and (P5 VPS F-P5) for FWD applications, is a 1,496 cc (91.3 cu in) naturally aspirated engine with a 74.5 mm (2.93 in) bore and an 85.8 mm (3.38 in) stroke.

This 4 cylinder engine was introduced in the 14MY Mazda3 for the Asian and European markets. It develops 85 kW (114 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 111 lb⋅ft (150 N⋅m) of torque at 4,000 rpm (Asian markets). This petrol engine in the Skyactiv line-up achieves a high compression ratio of 13.0:1 (14.0:1 in some markets). It greatly improves dynamic performance and fuel economy over the MZR 1.5 engine of the previous model.

Applications:

2.0 L

[edit]

The Skyactiv-G 2.0 (PE-VPS) was the first engine in the Skyactiv-G family to be produced.

This naturally aspirated engine features an engine displacement of 1,998 cc (2.0 L; 121.9 cu in), with a bore X stroke of 83.5 mm × 91.2 mm (3.29 in × 3.59 in). The U.S. version has a compression ratio of 13.0:1 producing 116 kW; 157 PS (155 bhp) at 6000 rpm and 200 N⋅m (148 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 4600 rpm.[15] In some markets, a variant with Flexifuel E85 is available, producing 121 kW; 164 PS (162 bhp) and 210 N⋅m (155 lbf⋅ft) of torque.

According to Mazda, it is more fuel efficient than the engine it replaces. Versus the engine in the 2011 Mazda3 (with an automatic transmission), fuel economy improved from 10.2 L/100 km (23 mpg‑US) to 8.4 L/100 km (28 mpg‑US) in city driving, and from 7.1 L/100 km (33 mpg‑US) to 5.8 L/100 km (41 mpg‑US) in highway driving, as compared to the 2011 model.[16]

Mazda Skyactiv 2.0

The MX-5's 2019 "ND2" revision received an updated engine producing 135 kW; 184 PS (181 bhp) with maximum RPM raised from 6800 to 7500 rpm and includes a larger intake manifold, increased injection pressure and a new exhaust system that scavenges the cylinders more quickly.[17]

Applications:

2.5 L

[edit]

The Skyactiv-G 2.5 (PY-VPS) is a 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in) naturally aspirated engine first used in the 2013 Mazda 6 and features an 89.0 mm (3.50 in) bore and a 100.0 mm (3.94 in) stroke.

The U.S. version with a 13.0:1 compression ratio produces 139 kW; 190 PS (187 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 252 N⋅m (186 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4,000 rpm.[18] In 2023, the engine's power output was increased to 142 kW; 194 PS (191 hp), although the torque remained the same.[19]

Skyactiv-G 2.5 engines manufactured from 2018 onwards feature cylinder deactivation to improve fuel efficiency.[20] In July 2019, approximately 262,000 Mazda vehicles using the engine were recalled for a faulty powertrain control module that may cause a misfire or a loss in power.[21]

The turbocharged version (PY-VPTS) operates with a 10.5:1 compression ratio,[22] and produces 190 kW; 250 PS (250 hp) at 5,000 rpm and 430 N⋅m (320 lb⋅ft) at 2,500 rpm on 93 AKI octane (98 RON) gasoline, and 169 kW; 230 PS (227 hp) at 5,000 rpm and 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm on 87 AKI octane (91 RON).[23] Maximum boost pressure is 120 kPa (17.4 psi). A specially-designed set of passages and butterfly valves act at low engine RPMs to force exhaust gases through smaller orifices, spooling the turbo more quickly and minimizing turbo lag. Additionally, the engine has a unique 4-3-1 exhaust manifold to improve exhaust scavenging and a cooled exhaust gas recirculation system, both designed to reduce combustion chamber temperatures and allow for increased boost with better fuel economy.[24] On the CX-9 and CX-5, the engine is equipped with an air-to-air intercooler, while on the Mazda3 and CX-30, an air-to-liquid intercooler is instead integrated into the intake manifold to save space.

For the CX-60, the engine is paired with a plug-in hybrid system which includes a 100 kW; 136 PS (134 hp) electric motor and a 17.8 kWh lithium-ion battery. Combined outputs are 241 kW; 327 PS (323 hp) and 500 N⋅m (51.0 kg⋅m; 369 lb⋅ft) of torque.[25]

Applications:

Skyactiv-G 3.3 straight-six (CX-70)

3.3 L

[edit]

The Skyactiv-G 3.3 is a longitudinally-positioned, inline-six 3.3-litre turbocharged petrol engine and features a 86.0 mm (3.39 in) bore and an 94.2 mm (3.71 in) stroke. It was introduced in the Mazda CX-90 in 2023 and comes in two outputs. It produces 209–253.5 kW (280–340 hp; 284–345 PS) and 450–500 N⋅m (332–369 lb⋅ft).[27]

Skyactiv-X

[edit]
Skyactiv-X
Overview
Also called
  • Sky-X
Production2019-present
Layout
Configuration
Displacement
  • 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)
  • 2,998 cc (182.9 cu in)
Cylinder bore83.5 mm (3.29 in)
Piston stroke91.2 mm (3.59 in)
Cylinder block materialAluminum
Cylinder head materialAluminum
ValvetrainDOHC
Compression ratio16.3:1
Combustion
SuperchargerLean Supercharged Operation
Fuel systemPetrol direct injection
Fuel typePetrol
Oil systemWet sump
Cooling systemWater-cooled

Skyactiv-X is the first commercial petrol engine to use homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), in which the fuel-air mixture ignites spontaneously when compressed by a smaller, separately ignited charge of fuel. This allows it to reach a compression ratio of 16:1, an improvement over the 14.0:1 ratio of the Skyactiv-G. The engine can operate much leaner than a conventional spark ignition engine, reducing fuel consumption and emissions.[28][29]

This engine targets 20-30% greater fuel efficiency by utilising HCCI technology. In order to handle ignition problems caused by compression ignition, each cylinder also incorporates a spark plug featuring Spark Controlled Compression Ignition (SPCCI) technology.[30][better source needed] A small Roots-type supercharger further expands the compression ignition operating window by feeding more air into the engine, leaning out the mixture sufficiently for compression ignition even at higher speeds.[31]

SPCCI works by drawing in a lean, homogeneous air-fuel mixture, it then compresses the mixture until it approaches the point at which it would spontaneously detonate. A second injector then adds a secondary charge of fuel directly on the spark plug. This secondary charge is ignited by the spark plug, causing the cylinder pressure to very quickly rise to a point where the rest of the fuel undergoes compression ignition. The presence of the spark plug allows the engine to also operate as a spark-ignition engine under some operating conditions, such as high-speed high-load situations. Revealed June 5, 2019, the output is 132 kW (177 hp) and 224 N⋅m (165 lbf⋅ft).[30]

Mazda is developing an inline-six variant of the Skyactiv-X, with displacements of 3.0 and 3.3 liters and a rear-wheel-drive layout. It was believed that production of the new engine would begin in 2022 with the Mazda CX-60 and possibly a fourth generation rear-wheel drive Mazda6.[32][33][25] However, according to Road & Track magazine, in the March 2022 edition of Autocar magazine Mazda Europe's Development & Engineering Senior Manager Joachim Kunz stated that there were no plans for a Mazda rear drive sedan, since Mazda was prioritizing SUV sales.[34]

2.0 L

[edit]

Applications:

3.0 L

[edit]

Applications:

Skyactiv-D

[edit]
Skyactiv-D
Overview
Also calledSky-D
Production2014-present
Layout
Configuration
Displacement
  • 1,497 cc (91.4 cu in)
  • 1,759 cc (107.3 cu in)
  • 2,191 cc (133.7 cu in)
  • 3,287 cc (200.6 cu in)
Cylinder bore
  • 76 mm (3.0 in)
  • 79 mm (3.1 in)
  • 86 mm (3.4 in)
Piston stroke
  • 82.5 mm (3.25 in)
  • 89.7 mm (3.53 in)
  • 94.3 mm (3.71 in)
Cylinder block materialAluminium
ValvetrainDOHC
Compression ratio
  • 14.8:1 (1.5L / 1.8L)
  • 14.0:1 / 14.4:1 (2.2L)
  • 15.2:1 (3.3L)
Combustion
Fuel systemCommon rail
Fuel typeDiesel
Oil systemWet sump
Cooling systemWater-cooled
Chronology
PredecessorMazda R engine
Skyactiv-D (SH-VPTR) Diesel engine (For Mazda 6)

Skyactiv-D is a family of turbocharged diesel engines, designed to comply with global emissions regulations.

To eliminate the need of NOx and particulate treatment in contemporary diesel engines, the cylinder compression ratio is reduced to 14.0:1. Cold engine start is achieved via multi-hole piezo injectors with 3 programmable injection patterns, and adoption of ceramic glow plugs. Engine misfiring is prevented via variable valve lift at exhaust, which opens exhaust valves during the intake stroke, which in turn increases engine air temperature. The Skyactiv-D also uses a two-stage turbocharger, in which one small and one large turbo are selectively operated, according to driving conditions.

1.5 L

[edit]

The Skyactiv-D 1.5 (S5-DPTS/S5-DPTR) is a 1,497 cc (91.4 cu in) engine first introduced in the fourth generation Mazda Demio/Mazda2. It features a compression ratio of 14:1.[35]

Applications:

1.8 L

[edit]

The Skyactiv-D 1.8 (S8-DPTS/S8-DPTR) is a 1,759 cc (107.3 cu in) that was introduced in the 2018 facelifted Mazda CX-3.[36]

Applications:

2.2 L

[edit]

The Skyactiv-D 2.2 (SH-VPTS/SH-VPTR) is a 2,191 cc (133.7 cu in) engine that was the first Skyactiv-D engine used in production vehicles. It was first used in the Mazda CX-5.[37][38] In the Mazda6, it produces 129 kW (173 hp) and 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft).[39] An upgraded version of the Skyactiv-D was run in the 2013 Rolex Sports Car Series season and helped Mazda win the GX manufacturer's championship. The engine is slated to be used again in two Lola LMP2s in the United SportsCar Series.

Applications:

3.3 L

[edit]

The Skyactiv-D 3.3 is a longitudinally-positioned, inline-six 3,287 cc (200.6 cu in) engine that was introduced in the Mazda CX-60 in 2022.[40]

Applications:

Unique technology

[edit]

The Skyactiv-D is the first low compression diesel in a production car, having a significantly lower compression in the first generation of 14:1 rather than typical compression ratios of 16:1 and beyond.[42] Numerous university studies have investigated the benefits of low compression diesel for decades, with the major benefit, noted in single cylinder university tests, being a drastic reduction in NOx emissions while also reducing particulate matter and combustion noise.[43][44] These studies all concluded that while there were noticeable reductions in emissions, this came at the expense of difficult cold starts. Mazda resolved this in the Skyactiv-D by using piezoelectric fuel injectors with multiple nozzles that change their pattern depending on operating conditions. Furthermore, exhaust valves are left slightly open as the engine starts, causing exhaust gases to be sucked into the cylinders and help the engine warm up quickly.[42]

Early issues

[edit]

The CX-5 with Skyactiv-D engines were reported to have oil levels rising earlier than expected upon release, which required owners to check the vehicle's engine oil every 1000 kilometres or every month and return to the dealer if the oil appeared over the level of the dipstick.[45] This procedure was initiated by Mazda worldwide as a precaution. Mazda resolved the issue in the first few months of the engine's availability via a software revision and a new dipstick with a corrected level.[citation needed]

Emission standards and tests

[edit]

At launch in 2012, Mazda claimed the Skyactiv-D engine would only comply with Euro 5 emission standards (NOx of 0.18 g/km), and further work was required to achieve stricter emission standards.[citation needed]

In the aftermath of the Volkswagen emissions scandal, the Japanese government performed testing of all diesel engines produced in Japan to ensure Japanese manufacturers were not falsifying emissions as had been done by Volkswagen. It was determined that the Skyactiv-D engine was the only engine which tested at or near the standard.[46]

Achieving US EPA emission standards

[edit]

At the 2019 New York Motor show, Mazda announced that it would commence pre-sales of the 2019 CX-5 with the Skyactiv-D 2.2L engine.[47] Changes required to achieve the US EPA emissions standards, however, resulted in significant performance and economy penalties when compared with the Euro 5 compliant engine, as illustrated below.

The Euro stage V compliant Australian Skyactiv-D 2.2L has the following specifications:[48]

  • Power: 140 kW (190 hp) @ 4,500 rpm
  • Torque: 450 N⋅m (330 lbf⋅ft) @ 2,000 rpm
  • Fuel consumption (Australian ADR 81/02)
    • Combined 5.7 L/100 km (41.3 mpg)
    • City 6.5 L/100 km (36.2 mpg)
    • Highway 5.2 L/100 km (45.2 mpg)

The US EPA compliant US Skyactiv-D 2.2l has the following specifications:[49]

  • Power: 125 kW (168 hp) @ 4,000 rpm
  • Torque: 390 N⋅m (290 lb⋅ft) @ 2,000 rpm
  • EPA Estimated fuel economy:
    • City 27 mpg‑US (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg‑imp)
    • Highway 30 mpg‑US (7.8 L/100 km; 36 mpg‑imp)

Recall

[edit]

In September 2016, Mazda recalled 130,000 vehicles in Japan over a defect that could lead to diesel engine failure.[50]

Although most problems were fixed later on, the 2.2 suffered from bad carbon build up that would block the intake manifold. Other faults include a turbo diversion valve failure that required replacement of the complete twin turbo unit.

Mazda recalled the 2012 to 2018 model year diesel Mazda 3, Mazda 6 and CX-5 because of a build-up of carbon deposits.[51]

Skyactiv-Hybrid

[edit]

The Skyactiv-Hybrid technology is an electric hybrid engine technology using Skyactiv-G engine with technology from Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive, originally licensed for use with the Sky engine for vehicles sold in 2013.[52][53]

The first retail Mazda Skyactiv-Hybrid vehicle, a Mazda3 Skyactiv-Hybrid with Skyactiv-G 2.0 engine with 14:1 compression, was unveiled at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.[54][55]

Skyactiv-CNG

[edit]

The Skyactiv-CNG engine is powered by compressed natural gas. The first retail Mazda Skyactiv-CNG prototype vehicle, a Mazda3 Skyactiv-CNG Concept, was unveiled in 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.[54][55][56][57]

Skyactiv-R

[edit]

The Skyactiv-R engine is Mazda's new generation rotary engine.

The Mazda RX-Vision Concept, powered by a Skyactiv-R rotary engine, was unveiled in 2015 Tokyo Motor Show.[58]

In 2023, Mazda unveiled the first production version of this generation of rotary engines. Used in the Mazda MX-30 R-EV, the engine provides 56 kW (75 hp) at 4500rpm and has a displacement of 830 cc in a single-rotor design.[59]

e-Skyactiv

[edit]

e-Skyactiv is the battery-electric powertrain.[60]

Applications:

e-Skyactiv-G

[edit]

e-Skyactiv-G is the first Mild Hybrid powertrain.

Applications:

Skyactiv-Drive

[edit]

Skyactiv-Drive is a family of automatic transmissions named SKY-Drive. Mazda rejected dual-clutch technology in automatic transmissions because the dual-clutch behavior in certain situations was sub-optimal.[61] Instead, Mazda chose to re-design the conventional automatic transmission, making the torque converter take less duty while a multi-plate clutch disengages the torque converter most of the time. The new Skyactiv automatic transmission is designed to have six or eight gears forward, one reverse gear, a short torque converter, and a clutch integrated with the torque converter.[62][25]

Skyactiv-MT

[edit]

Skyactiv-MT is a family of manual transmissions. To achieve lighter shift effort with a short shift lever stroke, the lever ratio is increased. However, to overcome the shorter internal stroke, a small module spline is used. Shift throws are reduced by 15 percent, making it the shortest shifting of any passenger car.[63]

To reduce weight, the triple-shafted gear train is designed with the reverse and first gears on the same shaft, and uses a shorter secondary shaft.

Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture

[edit]

The Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture is a car platform that supports both front-wheel drive models with a transverse engine layout (under the Small Product Group) and rear-wheel drive cars with a longitudinal engine layout (under the Large Product Group).[64]

Small Product Group

[edit]

The Small Product Group is a front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive car platform designed with a transverse engine layout.[65][66]

Applications:

Large Product Group

[edit]

The Large Product Group is a rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive car platform designed with a longitudinal engine layout.[67]

Applications:

References

[edit]
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