Toneel

It has been suggested that this article be merged with Sandiwara. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2024.

Toneel
Toneel Braga musical drama group circa 1910
Originating culture	Indonesia

Toneel (Dutch word for: "theatre") is a genre of theatrical drama performance developed in early 20th-century Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). Compared to earlier native musical dramas, such as the Malay bangsawan and Komedie Stamboel, toneel adapted more European stylings, with an emphasis on spoken dialogue and a reduction in the amount of music used during the performance; thus the genre is called toneel, an adaptation of the Dutch word for theatre.^[1][2]

One of the notable toneel troupe is Dardanella that gained popularity in East Indies back in the 1920s. The play is presented in Malay and often featured themes and adaptations derived from popular Hollywood productions for the stage, including The Mark of Zorro, The Three Musketeers and The Thief of Bagdad. The toneel drama later influenced the development of film industry in the Dutch East Indies, and also influenced native Indonesian musical dramatic forms such as sandiwara, lenong, and ludruk.

• Bangsawan
• Komedie Stamboel

• Cohen, Matthew Isaac (2006). The Komedie Stamboel: Popular Theater in Colonial Indonesia, 1891–1903. Athens: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-89680-246-9.
• Cohen, Matthew Isaac (August 2003). Trussler, Simon; Barker, Clive (eds.). "Look at the Clouds: Migration and West Sumatran 'Popular' Theatre" (PDF). New Theatre Quarterly. 19 (3). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 214–229. doi:10.1017/s0266464x03000125. ISSN 0266-464X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2012.