Trident laser

An aluminum foil irradiated by the Trident Laser (entering from the right), producing x-rays, hot electrons, and an ion beam, which cannot be seen directly. The plasma from the intense interaction is visible as the two cones jetting out in either direction from the target (center), expand into the vacuum. X-ray produced plasmas on the surrounding surfaces create glowing structures. The green light illuminating the scene is from the second harmonic light (527 nm) produced from the short-pulse beam's fundamental wavelength (1053 nm) at the target/plasma/laser interface a few tens of micrometres in front of the target.

The Trident Laser was a high power, sub-petawatt class, solid-state laser facility located at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL website), in Los Alamos, New Mexico, originally built in the late 1980s for Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research by KMS Fusion, founded by Kip Siegel, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, it was later moved to Los Alamos in the early 1990s[1] to be used in ICF and materials research. The Trident Laser has been decommissioned, with final experiments in 2017, and is now in storage at the University of Texas at Austin.

The Trident Laser consisted of three main laser chains (A,B, and C) of neodymium glass amplifiers (or Nd:glass), two identical longpulse beams lines, A&B, and a third beamline, C, that could be operated either in longpulse or in chirped pulse amplification (CPA) shortpulse mode.[2] Longpulse beams A and B, were laser chains capable of delivering up to ~500 J at 1054 nm, which were frequency doubled to 527 nm and ~200 J depending on pulse duration; the pulse duration could be varied from 100 ps to 1 μs, and was a unique capability of any large laser in the US (and possibly the world). The third laser chain, beamline C, could produce up to ~200 J at 1054 nm, or could be frequency doubled to 527 nm at ~100 J in the longpulse mode with the same pulse duration variability as beams A and B; or could be used in the Trident enhancement configuration allowing the ~200 J beam to be compressed via CPA to ~600 fs and ~100 J, producing powers on the scale of a quarter petawatt(~200 TW) with a host of laser and plasma diagnostics.[3] A 100 mJ 500 fs probe beamline is also available.

The 200TW shortpulse ultra high-intensity laser system is currently a world record holder in ion acceleration energy with Target Normal Sheath Acceleration mechanism,[4] producing protons at 58.5 MeV from a flat-foil,[5] beating the record of the NOVA Petawatt laser back in 1999;[6] and 67.5 MeV protons from micro-cone targets.[7][8] Trident delivers Petawatt performance at a fifth of the power. The 200TW or C beam is capable of focusing down to less than 10 micrometers in diameter to reach laser field intensities (irradiance) of ~2x1020 W/cm2, producing protons over 50 MeV[9] as well as high quality, high energy xrays.[10] The interaction can be diagnosed with a Backscatter Focal Diagnostics [11] similar to a Full Aperture Back-scatter (FABS)[12] diagnostic at the National Ignition Facility. A new front-end for the laser employs a 2nd order cleaning technique, dubbed SPOPA (for Short-Pulse Optical Parametric Amplification) cleaning, which reduces the contrast to better than 10−9 ASE intensity ratio, making it one of the cleanest ultra high-intensity high-power laser in the world.[13]

The laser was being used for Fast Ignition ICF research, warm dense matter experiments, materials dynamics studies, and laser-matter interaction research, including particle acceleration, x-ray backlighting and laser-plasma instabilities (LPI).

For more information see the Trident User Facility Website: Trident User Facility Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine, Los Alamos National Laboratory, see the references below and these articles using the laser:[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Moncur, N. K.; Johnson, R. P.; Watt, R. G.; Gibson, R. B. (20 July 1995). "Trident: a versatile high-power Nd:glass laser facility for inertial confinement fusion experiments". Applied Optics. 34 (21): 4274–83. Bibcode:1995ApOpt..34.4274M. doi:10.1364/AO.34.004274. PMID 21052257.
  2. ^ Trident as an Ultrahigh Irradiance Laser, R.P Johnson et al., LA-UR-9541 (1995), Los Alamos National Laboratory
  3. ^ Batha, S. H.; Aragonez, R.; Archuleta, F. L.; Archuleta, T. N.; Benage, J. F.; Cobble, J. A.; Cowan, J. S.; Fatherley, V. E.; Flippo, K. A.; Gautier, D. C.; Gonzales, R. P.; Greenfield, S. R.; Hegelich, B. M.; Hurry, T. R.; Johnson, R. P.; Kline, J. L.; Letzring, S. A.; Loomis, E. N.; Lopez, F. E.; Luo, S. N.; Montgomery, D. S.; Oertel, J. A.; Paisley, D. L.; Reid, S. M.; Sanchez, P. G.; Seifter, A.; Shimada, T.; Workman, J. B. (1 January 2008). "TRIDENT high-energy-density facility experimental capabilities and diagnostics". Review of Scientific Instruments. 79 (10): 10F305. Bibcode:2008RScI...79jF305B. doi:10.1063/1.2972020. PMID 19044618.
  4. ^ Roth, M.; Schollmeier, M. (16 February 2016). "Ion Acceleration—Target Normal Sheath Acceleration" (PDF). CERN Yellow Reports. 1: 231. doi:10.5170/CERN-2016-001.231. S2CID 32086240. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  5. ^ Flippo, K. A.; Workman, J.; Gautier, D. C.; Letzring, S.; Johnson, R. P.; Shimada, T. (1 January 2008). "Scaling laws for energetic ions from the commissioning of the new Los Alamos National Laboratory 200 TW Trident laser". Review of Scientific Instruments. 79 (10): 10E534. Bibcode:2008RScI...79jE534F. doi:10.1063/1.2987678. PMID 19044515.
  6. ^ Snavely, R.; Key, M.; Hatchett, S.; Cowan, T.; Roth, M.; Phillips, T.; Stoyer, M.; Henry, E.; Sangster, T.; Singh, M.; Wilks, S.; MacKinnon, A.; Offenberger, A.; Pennington, D.; Yasuike, K.; Langdon, A.; Lasinski, B.; Johnson, J.; Perry, M.; Campbell, E. (1 October 2000). "Intense High-Energy Proton Beams from Petawatt-Laser Irradiation of Solids". Physical Review Letters. 85 (14): 2945–2948. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..85.2945S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2945. PMID 11005974.
  7. ^ Flippo, K. A.; d'Humières, E.; Gaillard, S. A.; Rassuchine, J.; Gautier, D. C.; Schollmeier, M.; Nürnberg, F.; Kline, J. L.; Adams, J.; Albright, B.; Bakeman, M.; Harres, K.; Johnson, R. P.; Korgan, G.; Letzring, S.; Malekos, S.; Renard-LeGalloudec, N.; Sentoku, Y.; Shimada, T.; Roth, M.; Cowan, T. E.; Fernández, J. C.; Hegelich, B. M. (1 January 2008). "Increased efficiency of short-pulse laser-generated proton beams from novel flat-top cone targets". Physics of Plasmas. 15 (5): 056709. Bibcode:2008PhPl...15e6709F. doi:10.1063/1.2918125.
  8. ^ Gaillard, S. A.; Kluge, T.; Flippo, K. A.; Bussmann, M.; Gall, B.; Lockard, T.; Geissel, M.; Offermann, D. T.; Schollmeier, M.; Sentoku, Y.; Cowan, T. E. (1 January 2011). "Increased laser-accelerated proton energies via direct laser-light-pressure acceleration of electrons in microcone targets". Physics of Plasmas. 18 (5): 056710. Bibcode:2011PhPl...18e6710G. doi:10.1063/1.3575624.
  9. ^ Flippo, K. A.; Workman, J.; Gautier, D. C.; Letzring, S.; Johnson, R. P.; Shimada, T. (1 January 2008). "Scaling laws for energetic ions from the commissioning of the new Los Alamos National Laboratory 200 TW Trident laser". Review of Scientific Instruments. 79 (10): 10E534. Bibcode:2008RScI...79jE534F. doi:10.1063/1.2987678. PMID 19044515.
  10. ^ Workman, J.; Cobble, J.; Flippo, K.; Gautier, D. C.; Letzring, S. (1 January 2008). "High-energy, high-resolution x-ray imaging on the Trident short-pulse laser facility". Review of Scientific Instruments. 79 (10): 10E905. Bibcode:2008RScI...79jE905W. doi:10.1063/1.2965012. PMID 19044560.
  11. ^ Gautier, D. C.; Flippo, K. A.; Letzring, S. A.; Shimada, J. Workman T.; Johnson, R. P.; Hurry, T. R.; Gaillard, S. A.; Hegelich, B. M. (1 January 2008). "A novel backscatter focus diagnostic for the TRIDENT 200 TW laser". Review of Scientific Instruments. 79 (10): 10F547. Bibcode:2008RScI...79jF547G. doi:10.1063/1.2979881. PMID 19044689.
  12. ^ Froula, D. H.; Bower, D.; Chrisp, M.; Grace, S.; Kamperschroer, J. H.; Kelleher, T. M.; Kirkwood, R. K.; MacGowan, B.; McCarville, T.; Sewall, N.; Shimamoto, F. Y.; Shiromizu, S. J.; Young, B.; Glenzer, S. H. (1 January 2004). "Full-aperture backscatter measurements on the National Ignition Facility". Review of Scientific Instruments. 75 (10): 4168. Bibcode:2004RScI...75.4168F. doi:10.1063/1.1789592.
  13. ^ Shah, Rahul C.; Johnson, Randall P.; Shimada, Tsutomu; Flippo, Kirk A.; Fernandez, Juan C.; Hegelich, B. M. (1 August 2009). "High-temporal contrast using low-gain optical parametric amplification". Optics Letters. 34 (15): 2273–5. Bibcode:2009OptL...34.2273S. doi:10.1364/OL.34.002273. OSTI 960915. PMID 19649068.
  14. ^ Schaeffer, D. B.; Everson, E. T.; Winske, D.; Constantin, C. G.; Bondarenko, A. S.; Morton, L. A.; Flippo, K. A.; Montgomery, D. S.; Gaillard, S. A.; Niemann, C. (1 January 2012). "Generation of magnetized collisionless shocks by a novel, laser-driven magnetic piston". Physics of Plasmas. 19 (7): 070702. Bibcode:2012PhPl...19g0702S. doi:10.1063/1.4736846.
  15. ^ Bartal, Teresa; Foord, Mark E.; Bellei, Claudio; Key, Michael H.; Flippo, Kirk A.; Gaillard, Sandrine A.; Offermann, Dustin T.; Patel, Pravesh K.; Jarrott, Leonard C.; Higginson, Drew P.; Roth, Markus; Otten, Anke; Kraus, Dominik; Stephens, Richard B.; McLean, Harry S.; Giraldez, Emilio M.; Wei, Mingsheng S.; Gautier, Donald C.; Beg, Farhat N. (4 December 2011). "Focusing of short-pulse high-intensity laser-accelerated proton beams". Nature Physics. 8 (2): 139–142. Bibcode:2012NatPh...8..139B. doi:10.1038/NPHYS2153.
  16. ^ Schaeffer, D B; Montgomery, D S; Bondarenko, A S; Morton, L A; Johnson, R P; Shimada, T; Constantin, C G; Everson, E T; Letzring, S A; Gaillard, S A; Flippo, K A; Glenzer, S H; Niemann, C (7 February 2012). "Thomson Scattering Measurements of Temperature and Density in a Low-Density, Laser-Driven Magnetized Plasma". Journal of Instrumentation. 7 (2): P02002. Bibcode:2012JInst...7.2002S. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/7/02/P02002. S2CID 250667598.
  17. ^ Bartal, T.; Flippo, K. A.; Gaillard, S. A.; Offermann, D. T.; Foord, M. E.; Bellei, C.; Patel, P. K.; Key, M. H.; Stephens, R. B.; McLean, H. S.; Jarrott, L. C.; Beg, F. N. (1 November 2011). "Proton Focusing Characteristics Relevant to Fast Ignition". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 39 (11): 2818–2819. Bibcode:2011ITPS...39.2818B. doi:10.1109/TPS.2011.2155682. OSTI 1183515. S2CID 38322491.
  18. ^ Flippo, Kirk A.; Gaillard, Sandrine A.; Cowan, Joseph S.; Gautier, D. Cort; Mucino, J. Eduardo; Lowenstern, Mariano E. (1 November 2011). "Overcritical to Underdense Plasma in Under 1 μm: 150 TW Laser-Thin-Target Interactions for Particle Acceleration". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 39 (11): 2428–2429. Bibcode:2011ITPS...39.2428F. doi:10.1109/TPS.2011.2163426. S2CID 41645210.
  19. ^ Niemann, Christoph; Bondarenko, Anton S.; Constantin, Carmen G.; Everson, Erik T.; Flippo, Kirk A.; Gaillard, Sandrine A.; Johnson, Randall P.; Letzring, Samuel A.; Montgomery, David S.; Morton, Lucas A.; Schaeffer, Derek B.; Shimada, Tsutomu; Winske, Dan (1 November 2011). "Collisionless Shocks in a Large Magnetized Laser-Plasma Plume". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 39 (11): 2406–2407. Bibcode:2011ITPS...39.2406N. doi:10.1109/TPS.2011.2162007. S2CID 28559709.
  20. ^ Offermann, D. T.; Flippo, K. A.; Cobble, J.; Schmitt, M. J.; Gaillard, S. A.; Bartal, T.; Rose, D. V.; Welch, D. R.; Geissel, M.; Schollmeier, M. (1 January 2011). "Characterization and focusing of light ion beams generated by ultra-intensely irradiated thin foils at the kilojoule scale". Physics of Plasmas. 18 (5): 056713. Bibcode:2011PhPl...18e6713O. doi:10.1063/1.3589476. OSTI 1254984.
  21. ^ Workman, J.; Cobble, J.; Flippo, K.; Gautier, D. C.; Montgomery, D. S.; Offermann, D. T. (1 January 2010). "Phase-contrast imaging using ultrafast x-rays in laser-shocked materials". Review of Scientific Instruments. 81 (10): 10E520. Bibcode:2010RScI...81jE520W. doi:10.1063/1.3485109. OSTI 1013598. PMID 21034048.
  22. ^ Offermann, D T; Flippo, K A; Gaillard, S A; Gautier, D C; Letzring, S; Cobble, J C; Wurden, G; Johnson, R P; Shimada, T; Montgomery, D S; Gonzales, R P; Hurry, T; Archuleta, F; Schmitt, M J; Reid, S-M; Bartal, T; Wei, M S; Higginson, D P; Beg, F N; Geissel, M; Schollmeier, M (1 August 2010). "Carbon ion beam focusing using laser irradiated, heated diamond hemispherical shells". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 244 (2): 022053. Bibcode:2010JPhCS.244b2053O. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/244/2/022053.
  23. ^ Roth, M; Alber, I; Bagnoud, V; Brown, C R D; Clarke, R; Daido, H; Fernandez, J; Flippo, K; Gaillard, S; Gauthier, C; Geissel, M; Glenzer, S; Gregori, G; Günther, M; Harres, K; Heathcote, R; Kritcher, A; Kugland, N; LePape, S; Li, B; Makita, M; Mithen, J; Niemann, C; Nürnberg, F; Offermann, D; Otten, A; Pelka, A; Riley, D; Schaumann, G; Schollmeier, M; Schütrumpf, J; Tampo, M; Tauschwitz, A; Tauschwitz, An (1 December 2009). "Proton acceleration experiments and warm dense matter research using high power lasers". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 51 (12): 124039. Bibcode:2009PPCF...51l4039R. doi:10.1088/0741-3335/51/12/124039. S2CID 119747444.
  24. ^ Henig, A.; Kiefer, D.; Markey, K.; Gautier, D.; Flippo, K.; Letzring, S.; Johnson, R.; Shimada, T.; Yin, L.; Albright, B.; Bowers, K.; Fernández, J.; Rykovanov, S.; Wu, H.-C.; Zepf, M.; Jung, D.; Liechtenstein, V.; Schreiber, J.; Habs, D.; Hegelich, B. (1 July 2009). "Enhanced Laser-Driven Ion Acceleration in the Relativistic Transparency Regime". Physical Review Letters. 103 (4): 045002. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.103d5002H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.045002. PMID 19659362. S2CID 25075234.
  25. ^ Kline, J.L.; Montgomery, D.S.; Rousseaux, C.; Baton, S.D.; Tassin, V.; Hardin, R.A.; Flippo, K.A.; Johnson, R.P.; Shimada, T.; Yin, L.; Albright, B.J.; Rose, H.A.; Amiranoff, F. (18 February 2009). "Investigation of stimulated Raman scattering using a short-pulse diffraction limited laser beam near the instability threshold". Laser and Particle Beams. 27 (1): 185. Bibcode:2009LPB....27..185K. doi:10.1017/S0263034609000251. OSTI 960939.
  26. ^ Kline, J. L.; Montgomery, D. S.; Flippo, K. A.; Johnson, R. P.; Rose, H. A.; Shimada, T.; Williams, E. A. (1 January 2008). "Using a short-pulse diffraction-limited laser beam to probe filamentation of a random phase plate smoothed beam". Review of Scientific Instruments. 79 (10): 10F551. Bibcode:2008RScI...79jF551K. doi:10.1063/1.2955927. PMID 19044693.
  27. ^ Schollmeier, M.; Becker, S.; Geißel, M.; Flippo, K.; Blažević, A.; Gaillard, S.; Gautier, D.; Grüner, F.; Harres, K.; Kimmel, M.; Nürnberg, F.; Rambo, P.; Schramm, U.; Schreiber, J.; Schütrumpf, J.; Schwarz, J.; Tahir, N.; Atherton, B.; Habs, D.; Hegelich, B.; Roth, M. (1 August 2008). "Controlled Transport and Focusing of Laser-Accelerated Protons with Miniature Magnetic Devices". Physical Review Letters. 101 (5): 055004. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.101e5004S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.055004. PMID 18764401.
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  30. ^ Schollmeier, Marius; Roth, M.; Blazevic, A.; Brambrink, E.; Cobble, J.A.; Fernandez, J.C.; Flippo, K.A.; Gautier, D.C.; Habs, D.; Harres, K.; Hegelich, B.M.; Heßling, T.; Hoffmann, D.H.H.; Letzring, S.; Nürnberg, F.; Schaumann, G.; Schreiber, J.; Witte, K. (1 July 2007). "Laser ion acceleration with micro-grooved targets". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 577 (1–2): 186–190. Bibcode:2007NIMPA.577..186S. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2007.02.052.
  31. ^ Yin, L.; Albright, B. J.; Hegelich, B. M.; Bowers, K. J.; Flippo, K. A.; Kwan, T. J. T.; Fernández, J. C. (1 January 2007). "Monoenergetic and GeV ion acceleration from the laser breakout afterburner using ultrathin targets". Physics of Plasmas. 14 (5): 056706. Bibcode:2007PhPl...14e6706Y. doi:10.1063/1.2436857.
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