Venera 8

Venera 8
Assembly of Venera 8
Mission typeVenus lander
OperatorLavochkin
COSPAR ID1972-021A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.5912
Mission durationTravel: 117 days
Lander: 50 minutes
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft4V-1 No.670
ManufacturerLavochkin
Launch mass1,184 kilograms (2,610 lb)[1]
Landing mass495 kilograms (1,091 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date27 March 1972, 04:15:06 (1972-03-27UTC04:15:06Z) UTC[1]
RocketMolniya-M/MVL
Launch siteBaikonur 31/6
End of mission
Last contact22 July 1972 (1972-07-23) at 09:32 UT (landing) + 50 min., 11 sec. when transmission ended
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
Semi-major axis6,591 kilometres (4,095 mi)
Eccentricity0.03732
Perigee altitude194 kilometres (121 mi)
Apogee altitude246 kilometres (153 mi)
Inclination51.7°
Period88.9 minutes
Epoch27 March 1972
Venus lander
Landing date22 July 1972, 09:32 UTC
Landing site10°42′S 335°15′E / 10.70°S 335.25°E / -10.70; 335.25

Venera 8 (Russian: Венера-8 meaning Venus 8) was a probe in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus and was the second robotic space probe to conduct a successful landing on the surface of Venus.[2]

Venera 8 was a Venus atmospheric probe and lander. Its instrumentation included temperature, pressure, and light sensors as well as an altimeter, gamma ray spectrometer, gas analyzer, and radio transmitters.

Journey to Venus

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The spacecraft took 118 days to reach Venus with one mid-course correction on 6 April 1972, separating from the bus (which contained a cosmic ray detector, solar wind detector, and ultraviolet spectrometer) and entering the atmosphere on 22 July 1972 at 08:37 UT. A refrigeration system attached to the bus was used to pre-chill the descent capsule's interior prior to atmospheric entry in order to prolong its life on the surface. Descent speed was reduced from 41,696 km/h to about 900 km/h by aerobraking. The 2.5 meter diameter parachute opened at an altitude of 60 km.

Descent

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Venera 8 transmitted data during the descent. A sharp decrease in illumination was noted at 35 to 30 km altitude and wind speeds of less than 1 m/s were measured below 10 km. Venera 8 landed at 09:32 UT in what is now called Vasilisa Regio, within 150 km radius of 10°42′S 335°15′E / 10.70°S 335.25°E / -10.70; 335.25, in sunlight, about 500 km from the morning terminator. The lander mass was 495 kg.

Lander

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The lander continued to send back data for 50 minutes, 11 seconds after landing before failing due to the harsh surface conditions. The probe confirmed the earlier data on the high Venus surface temperature and pressure (470 degrees Celsius, 90 atmospheres) returned by Venera 7, and also measured the light level as being suitable for surface photography, finding it to be similar to the amount of light on Earth on an overcast day with roughly 1 km visibility.

Venera 8's photometer measurements showed for the first time that the Venusian clouds end at a high altitude, and the atmosphere was relatively clear from there down to the surface. The on-board gamma ray spectrometer measured the uranium/thorium/potassium ratio of the surface rock, indicating it was similar to Alkali basalt.[3]

Payload experiments

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Siddiqi, Asif (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 (PDF) (second ed.). NASA History Program Office.
  2. ^ Harvey, Brian (2007). Russian Planetary Exploration History, Development, Legacy and Prospects. Springer-Praxis. pp. 115–118. ISBN 9780387463438.
  3. ^ Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M (2007). Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part I: The Golden Age 1957–1982. Springer. pp. 159–160. ISBN 9780387493268.
  4. ^ a b c d Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M (2007). Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part I: The Golden Age 1957–1982. Springer. p. 157. ISBN 9780387493268.
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