Zeiss projector

For other uses, see Zeiss (disambiguation).

The Mark I projector installed in the Deutsches Museum in 1923 was the world's first planetarium projector.
The Mark III modified projector installed in the Planetario Humboldt 1950 in Caracas - Venezuela.It is the oldest in Latin America.
Marks II through VI utilized two small spheres of lenses separated along a central axis.
Beginning with Mark VII, Zeiss projectors adopted a new, egg-shaped design.
The Mark IX Universarium is currently the most advanced model. This example was installed in 2006 at The Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles.
Closeup of a lens bearing sphere of the Zeiss Mark IV planetarium projector on display at the Nehru Planetarium in Mumbai, India.

A Zeiss projector is one of a line of planetarium projectors manufactured by the Carl Zeiss Company. Main models include Copernican (1924), Model I (1925), Model II (1926), Model III (1957), Model IV (1957), Model V (1965), Model VI (1968), Spacemaster (1970), Cosmorana (1984), Skymaster ZKP2 (1977), and Skymaster ZKP3 (1993).[1]

The first modern planetarium projectors were designed and built in 1924 by the Zeiss Works of Jena, Germany.[2] Zeiss projectors are designed to sit in the middle of a dark, dome-covered room and project an accurate image of the stars and other astronomical objects on the dome. They are generally large, complicated, and imposing machines.

The first Zeiss Mark I projector (the first planetarium projector in the world) was installed in the Deutsches Museum in Munich in August, 1923.[3] It possessed a distinctive appearance, with a single sphere of projection lenses supported above a large, angled "planet cage". Marks II through VI were similar in appearance, using two spheres of star projectors separated along a central axis that contained projectors for the planets. Beginning with Mark VII, the central axis was eliminated and the two spheres were merged into a single, egg-shaped projection unit.

History of development and production

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The Mark I was created in 1923–1924 and was the world's first modern planetarium projector.[3] The Mark II was developed during the 1930s by Carl Zeiss AG in Jena. Following WWII division of Germany and the founding of Carl Zeiss (West Germany) in Oberkochen (while the original Jena plant was located in East Germany), each factory developed its own line of projectors.[4]

Marks III – VI were developed in Oberkochen (West Germany) from 1957 to 1989. Meanwhile, the East German facility in Jena developed the ZKP projector line.[4] The Mark VII was developed in 1993 and was the first joint project of the two Zeiss factories following German reunification.[4]

As of 2011, Zeiss currently manufactures three main models of planetarium projectors. The flagship Universarium models continue the "Mark" model designation and use a single "starball" design, where the fixed stars are projected from a single egg-shaped projector, and moving objects such as planets have their own independent projectors or are projected using a full-dome digital projection system. The Starmaster line of projectors are designed for smaller domes than the Universarium, but also use the single starball design. The Skymaster ZKP projectors are designed for the smallest domes and use a "dumbbell" design similar to the Mark II-VI projectors, where two smaller starballs for the northern and southern hemispheres are connected by a truss containing projectors for planets and other moving objects.[5]

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Between 1923 and 2011, Zeiss manufactured a total of 631 projectors.[6] Therefore, the following table is highly incomplete.

Planetarium Zeiss Projector Model Acquisition Date End Date Remarks
Sijthoff planetarium [nl], The Hague, Netherlands Mark I 1934 1976 Destroyed by fire, although the projector has been restored.[7]
Silesian Planetarium, Chorzów, Poland Mark II 1955 2018 Silesian Planetarium, the oldest Mark II still in use worldwide, the oldest and biggest planetarium in Poland.

Retired in July 2018, will be reopened after upgrade in mid 2020.

Tycho Brahe Planetarium, Copenhagen, Denmark Starmaster 1989 2012 The only experienced operator in Denmark retired in 2012. Jesper H.
Adler Planetarium, Chicago, Illinois, USA Mark II/III 1930 1969 Projector was converted from Mark II to Mark III from 1959 to 1961[8][9][10]
Mark VI 1969 2011 Replaced with "Digital Starball" system from Global Immersion Ltd.
Planetario Luis Enrique Erro, Mexico City, Mexico Mark IV 1964 2006 It was the first planetarium in Mexico opened to general public and it is also one of the oldest in Latin America.[11]
Planetario Simon Bolivar, Maracaibo, Venezuela Starmaster 1968 Present It was the second planetarium in Venezuela.
SDSK Budapest Planetarium [hu], Budapest, Hungary Mark VI 1969 2017 The planetarium closed indefinitely in 2017 due to rain damage.
Buhl Planetarium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Mark II 1939 1994 Now on exhibit (but not in operation) at the Carnegie Science Center.
Ukraine. Kyiv planetarium Mark IV 1988 Present The dome is the second largest in Europe with a screen area of 830 m²
Bangkok Planetarium, Bangkok, Thailand Mark IV 1964 2016 Replaced by an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 5. The projector is still inside the planetarium but not in operation.[12]
Denki kagakukan [ja], Osaka, Japan Mark II (No.23) 1937 1989 First Planetarium in Japan
Preserved at Osaka Science Museum.
Tonichi Tenmonkan [ja], Tokyo, Japan Mark II (No.26) 1938 25 May 1945 Destroyed by Bombing of Tokyo
Gotoh Planetarium [ja], Tokyo, Japan Mark IV(No.1) 1957 2001
Akashi Municipal Planetarium [ja], Akashi, Japan Universal(UPP)23/3 1960 Present The oldest projector which is operating in Japan.
Nagoya City Science Museum, Nagoya, Japan Mark IV 1962 2010 Closed for renovation in August 2010
Mark IX 2011 Present Re-opened in March 2011[13][14]
Fernbank Planetarium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Mark V 1967/8? Present [15]
Hamburg Planetarium, Hamburg, Germany Mark II 1925 1957 Projector was acquired by the City of Hamburg in 1925, the planetarium was opened to the public in 1930.
Mark IV 1957 1983
Mark VI 1983 2003
Mark IX 2006 Present
Hayden Planetarium, New York, New York, USA Mark II 1935 1960 [16]
Mark IV 1960 1973
Mark VI 1973 1997
Mark IX 1999 Present
Humboldt Planetarium [es], Caracas, Venezuela Mark III (modified) 1950 Present This planetarium is the oldest in Latin America.[17][18]
Johannesburg Planetarium, Johannesburg, South Africa Mark III (upgraded from Mark II) 1960 Present Acquired from the city of Hamburg and upgraded to Mark III prior to installation.[19]
Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Mark Vs 1967 Present [20]
Galileo Galilei planetarium, Buenos Aires, Argentina Mark V 1967 2011 Replaced by MEGASTAR II A[21]
Morehead Planetarium, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Mark II 1949 1969 [22]
Mark VI 1969 6 May 2011
Planetarium of Tripoli,

Tripoli, Libya

Spacemaster 1980 2007 not in operate but Still in the building
James S. McDonnell Planetarium, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Mark IX 2001 Present replaced an Evans & Sutherland Digistar[23]
Samuel Oschin Planetarium, Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California, USA Mark IV 1964 2006
Mark IX 2006 Present
Strasenburgh Planetarium, Rochester, New York, USA Mark VI 1968 Present Originally cost $240,234 – in 1968 dollars.[24]
Planetario de Bogotá, Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia Mark VI 1969 Present [25]
Fiske Planetarium, Boulder, Colorado, USA Mark VI 1975 2012 Replaced by an Ohira Tech MEGASTAR.[26]
Planetario Universidad de Santiago [es], Santiago, Chile Mark VI 1972 Present [27][28]
Calouste Gulbenkian Planetarium [pt], Lisbon, Portugal UPP 23/4 1965 2004 [29]
Mark IX 2005 Present
Delafield Planetarium, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia, USA Skymaster ZKP-3 2000 Present [30]
Charles Hayden Planetarium, Boston Museum of Science, Boston, MA, USA Mark VI 1970 2010 [31]
Starmaster 2011 Present [32]
Nehru Planetarium, Mumbai, India Mark IV 1977 2003 Replaced by an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 3[33]
Planetario Ulrico Hoepli, Milan, Italy Mark IV 1968 Present [34]
Planetario Ciudad de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina Mark IV 1962 Present Projector was acquired by the City of Rosario in 1962, the planetarium was opened to the public in 1984[35]
Planetarium (Belgium), Brussels, BELGIUM Mark II 1935 1966 Planetarium was closed between 1939 and 1954. Closed again in 1966. Building and projector were destroyed in 1969. A new building with a new projector was built in 1976.[36][37][38][39]
UPP 23/5 1976 present
Moscow Planetarium, Moscow, Russia Mark II 1929 1976 Details preserved at Moscow Planetarium
Mark VI 1977 1994 Preserved at Moscow Planetarium
Planetarium ceased work in 1994
Mark IX 2010 Present Projector was acquired in 2010, the planetarium was renovated and opened to the public in 2011
London Planetarium, Baker Street, London, UK Mark IV 1958 1995 Now in Science Museum collection.[40][41]
Chabot Space and Science Center, Oakland, California, USA Mark VIII 1999 Present As of 2016, the Mark VIII projector unit was successfully repaired, after several years being dysfunctional.
Cozmix, Bruges, Belgium ZKP 3b 2002 Present [42]
Espaço do Conhecimento do UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil ZKP 4 2010 Present [43]
Dow Planetarium, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Mark V 1966 2011 Now at exhibit at the new planetarium[44]
Sri Lanka Planetarium, Colombo, Sri Lanka Mark IV 1965 Present This was a gift from east Germany
Planetário Professor Francisco José Gomes Ribeiro (Colégio Estadual do Paraná), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil ZKP 1 1978 Present
Planetário da Fundação Espaço Cultural, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil Spacemaster 1982 Present [45]
Birla Planetarium, Kolkata, India Universal 1962 [46]
Sardar Patel Planetarium, Vadodara, India Spacemaster 1976 [46]
Nehru Planetarium, Mumbai, India Universal 1977 [46]
Sternwarte Planetarium SIRIUS, Schwanden near Sigriswil, Switzerland ZKP 2 2000 2014
ZKP 4 2014 Present

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Planetarium history". ZEISS Group. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  2. ^ Christopher Dewdney. Acquainted with the Night: Excursions Through the World After Dark. Bloomsbury Publishing USA; 2005 [cited 14 October 2011]. ISBN 978-1-58234-599-4. p. 278–279.
  3. ^ a b Mark R. Chartrand. "A Fifty Year Anniversary of a Two Thousand Year Dream – The History of the Planetarium". Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  4. ^ a b c Carl Zeiss AG. "Planetarium projector models since 1942". Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2008.
  5. ^ "Carl Zeiss STARMASTER Models ZMP and ZMP-TD – Product Specifications". meditec.zeiss.com. 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  6. ^ Prager, Lutz (8 February 2011). "In Jena Optik-Kolloquium zu Planetariumsbau". Ostthüringer Zeitung. Gera. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  7. ^ Kok, Albert (1 September 2018). "Verbrand planetarium krijgt tweede leven en komt terug naar Den Haag" [Burned planetarium gets second life and comes back to The Hague]. Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch).
  8. ^ Ley, Willy (February 1965). "Forerunners of the Planetarium". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 87–98.
  9. ^ Glenn A. Walsh. "The Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum". Retrieved 28 July 2008.
  10. ^ Steve Johnson (11 June 2011). "Countdown to 'wow'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
  11. ^ Planetario Luis Enrique Erro (IPN). "Sitio oficial del Planetario Luis Enrique Erro del Instituo Politecnico Nacional". Instituto Politecnico Nacional. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2010.. (in Spanish)
  12. ^ Bangkok Planetarium. "ความเป็นมา (History)". Bangkok Planetarium official website. Bangkok Planetarium. Retrieved 30 November 2008.. (in Thai)
  13. ^ "Nagoya City Science Museum | Planetarium | About the Planetarium| Planetarium Outline". Ncsm.city.nagoya.jp. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  14. ^ "Nagoya Science Museum". Zeiss.de. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  15. ^ Fernbank Science Center Planetarium. "Official website of the Fernbank Science Center". Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  16. ^ The New York Times (11 August 1999). "Updating City's Star System; Planetarium Introducing Mark IX for Outer Space". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  17. ^ Humboldt Planetarium. "El Planetario – Reseña Histórica". Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  18. ^ Planetario Humboldt at Spanish Wikipedia (in Spanish)
  19. ^ Johannesburg Planetarium. "History of the Planetarium". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  20. ^ The Manitoba Museum. "Planetarium General Information". Retrieved 28 July 2008.
  21. ^ "Planetario de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires - Tecnología innovaciones y actualizaciones" (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  22. ^ The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "Morehead History". Retrieved 28 July 2008.
  23. ^ The St. Louis Science Center. "James S. McDonnell Planetarium". Retrieved 1 August 2008.
  24. ^ Strasenburgh. "RMSC Strasenburgh Planetarium – The Star Projector". Retrieved 4 September 2008.
  25. ^ "Planetario de Bogotá – Historia". planetariodebogota.gov.co (in Spanish). 2011. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  26. ^ "A Brief History of Fiske Planetarium". University of Colorado at Boulder. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  27. ^ USACH. "Infraestructura Planetario USACH". Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  28. ^ Carl Zeiss Planetarium Division. "Planetario Universidad de Santiago" (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  29. ^ "Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  30. ^ The Council of Independent Colleges. "Historic Campus Architecture Project: Bradley Observatory and Delafield Planetarium". Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  31. ^ Rainy Day Science : Museum Of Science Planetarium – 31 January 2011. Rainydaymagazine.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.
  32. ^ Museum of Science Hosts World Premiere of Original Astronomy Show Undiscovered Worlds: The Search Beyond Our Sun at Grand Reopening of Charles Hayden Planetarium. Museum of Science. 13 February 2011
  33. ^ "Nehru Centre Mumbai". Nehru Centre. Archived from the original on 26 December 2012.
  34. ^ "Planetario di Milano - Lo strumento planetario" (in Italian). Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  35. ^ es:Complejo Astronómico Municipal
  36. ^ "Association des planétariums de langue française". Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  37. ^ "Planetarium.be". Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  38. ^ "UPP 23/5 nl" (PDF). Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  39. ^ "UPP 23/5 fr" (PDF). Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  40. ^ "Planetarian Article".
  41. ^ "Science Museum entry".
  42. ^ "Planetarium website".
  43. ^ "Planetarium website".
  44. ^ "Montreal Planetarium Press kit" (PDF).
  45. ^ "FUNESC". 6 July 2016.
  46. ^ a b c Kulkarni, A. G. (June 1981). "Planetaria in India" (PDF). Planetarian. 10 (2). International Planetarium Society: 27.
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