Zichmni

Zichmni is the name of an explorer-prince who appears in a 1558 book by Caterino Zeno of Venice, allegedly based on letters and a map (called the Zeno map) dating to the year 1400 by the author's ancestors, brothers Nicolò and Antonio Zeno.[1] Zichmni is described as a great lord of some islands off the southern coast of Frislanda, a possibly fictitious island claimed to be larger than Ireland and located south of Iceland.

According to the book, the letters provided a first-hand account of a voyage of exploration undertaken in 1398 by Prince Zichmni, accompanied by the Zeno brothers. The book claims that the voyagers crossed the North Atlantic to Greenland. A few recent authors speculate that they may have reached the coast of North America. There is disagreement among historians as to whether to accept the Zeno letters as valid.

Some proponents of the authenticity of the tale maintain that Zichmni was a Scottish nobleman named Henry Sinclair. However, other scholars have pointed to flaws in this identification and consider it extremely unlikely.[2]

The first person to identify Zichmni with Henry Sinclair was Johann Reinhold Forster in 1784. [3]

The account of the voyages given by the younger Nicolò continues to attract debate. Some of the islands the Zeno brothers allegedly visited either conflate existing locations or do not exist at all.[4][5] Research has shown that the Zeno brothers were occupied elsewhere when they were supposedly doing their exploring.[6] Contemporary Venetian court documents place Nicolò as undergoing trial for embezzlement in 1394 for his actions as military governor of Modone and Corone in Greece from 1390–1392. He wrote his last will and testament in Venice in 1400, many years after his alleged death in Frislanda around 1394. There is disagreement about the brothers' whereabouts at the time of the supposed voyages, with some readings of archival records placing the brothers in Venice at that time. Andrea di Robilant suggests this interpretation is in error.

According to The Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, "the Zeno affair remains one of the most preposterous and at the same time one of the most successful fabrications in the history of exploration."[6] Herbert Wrigley Wilson described and analysed the story at length in The Royal Navy, a History from the Earliest Times to the Present, and was sceptical about its veracity, noting "At the date when the work was published Venice was extremely eager to claim for herself some share in the credit of Columbus's discoveries as against her old rival Genoa, from whom Columbus had sprung."[7] Di Robilant disagrees, stating that the younger Nicolò was "a first-class muddler, not a fablemonger", whose inaccuracy was the result of second-hand retelling that still contains much of the truth of his forebears' voyages.[8]: 194 

Modern views

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Most historians regard the map and accompanying narrative as a hoax,[9] perpetrated by the younger Zeno to make a retroactive claim for Venice as having discovered the New World before Christopher Columbus.

The evidence against the authenticity of the map is based largely on the appearance of many phantom islands in the North Atlantic and off the coast of Iceland.[10][11] One of these non-existent islands was Frisland, where the Zeno brothers allegedly spent some time.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Cooper, Robert L. D. (Ed.) (2004). The Voyages of the Venetian Brothers Nicolo & Antonion Zeno to the Northern Seas in the XIVth Century. Masonic Publishing Co. ISBN 0-9544268-2-7.
  2. ^ "Earl Henry Sinclair's fictitious trip to America", by Brian Smith, originally published in New Orkney Antiquarian Journal, vol. 2, 2002
  3. ^ Johann Reinhold Forster, Geschichte der Entdeckungen und Schiffahrten im Norden, Frankfurt an der Oder, C.G. Strauss, 1784.
  4. ^ Lainema, Matti; Juha Nurminen (2009). A History of Arctic Exploration: Discovery, Adventure and Endurance at the Top of the World. Conway. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-84486-069-2.
  5. ^ Mills, William James (2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 9781576074220.
  6. ^ a b Oleson, T. J. "Zeno, Nicolo and Antonio". Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.
  7. ^ Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1897). "Voyages and Discoveries 1154–1399". The Royal Navy, a History from the Earliest Times to the Present. By Clowes, William Laird. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company. pp. 324–337.
  8. ^ Di Robilant, Andrea (2011). Irresistible North: From Venice to Greenland on the Trail of the Zen Brothers. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26985-0.
  9. ^ "ZENO, NICOLÒ and ANTONIO". University of Toronto. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  10. ^ Lainema, Matti; Juha Nurminen (2009). A History of Arctic Exploration: Discovery, Adventure and Endurance at the Top of the World. Conway. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-84486-069-2.
  11. ^ Mills, William James (2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 9781576074220.
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