1842 in science
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The year 1842 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Botany
[edit]- Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward publishes On the Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed Cases in London, promoting his concept of the Wardian case.[1]
Exploration
[edit]- Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross charts the eastern side of James Ross Island and on January 23 reaches a Farthest South of 78°09'30"S.[2]
Medicine
[edit]- January – American medical student William E. Clarke of Berkshire Medical College becomes the first person to administer an inhaled anesthetic to facilitate a surgical procedure (dental extraction).[3]
- March 30 – American physician and pharmacist Crawford Long administers an inhaled anesthetic (diethyl ether) to facilitate a surgical procedure (removal of a neck tumor).[4][5]
- English surgeon William Bowman publishes On the Structure and Use of the Malpighian Bodies of the Kidney,[6] identifying Bowman's capsule, a key component of the nephron.
- Edwin Chadwick's critical Report on an inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain is published by the Poor Law Commission.[7]
Paleontology
[edit]- Palaeontologist Richard Owen coins the name Dinosauria, hence the Anglicized dinosaur.[8]
Physics
[edit]- Christian Doppler proposes the Doppler effect.[9]
- Julius Robert von Mayer proposes that work and heat are equivalent.[10] This is independently discovered in 1843 by James Prescott Joule, who names it "mechanical equivalent of heat".
Technology
[edit]- January 8 – Delft University of Technology established by William II of the Netherlands as a 'Royal Academy for the education of civilian engineers'.[11]
- February 21 – John Greenough is granted the first U.S. patent for the sewing machine.[12]
- June – James Nasmyth patents his design of steam hammer in England and introduces an improved planing machine.[13]
- John Herschel discovers the cyanotype (blueprint) photographic process in England.[14]
Events
[edit]- September 14–17 – English naturalist Charles Darwin and his family settle at Down House in Kent.
Awards
[edit]Births
[edit]- February 2 – Julian Sochocki (died 1927), Polish mathematician.
- February 10 – Agnes Mary Clerke (died 1907) Irish astronomer and author.[16]
- February 22 – Camille Flammarion (died 1925), French astronomer.
- March 17 – Rosina Heikel (died 1929), Finnish physician.[17]
- March 23 – Susan Jane Cunningham (died 1921), American mathematician.
- April 4 – Édouard Lucas (died 1891, French mathematician.
- May 7 – Isala Van Diest (died 1916), Belgian physician.
- May 8 – Emil Christian Hansen (died 1909), Danish fermentation physiologist.
- June 11 – Carl von Linde (died 1934), German refrigeration engineer.
- August 23 – Osborne Reynolds (died 1912), Irish-born physicist.
- September 9 – Elliott Coues (died 1899), American ornithologist.
- September 20
- James Dewar (died 1923), Scottish-born chemist.
- Charles Lapworth (died 1920), English geologist.
- October 17 – Gustaf Retzius (died 1919), Swedish anatomist.
- October 24 (O.S. October 12) – Nikolai Menshutkin (died 1907), Russian chemist.
- November 12 – John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (died 1919), English Nobel Prize-winning physicist.
- December 3 – Ellen Swallow Richards (d. 1911), American chemist.
- December 17 – Sophus Lie (died 1899), Norwegian mathematician.
Deaths
[edit]- February 15 – Archibald Menzies (born 1754), Scottish-born botanist.
- April 28 – Charles Bell (born 1774), Scottish-born anatomist.
- May 8 – Jules Dumont d'Urville (born 1790), French explorer.
- June 9 - Maria Dalle Donne (born 1778), Bolognese physician
- June 30 – Thomas Coke, Earl of Leicester (born 1754), English agriculturalist and geneticist.
- July 19 – Pierre Joseph Pelletier (born 1788), French chemist.
- July 25 – Dominique Jean Larrey (born 1766), French military surgeon, pioneer of battlefield medicine.
References
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1842 in science.
- ^ Hershey, David (1996). "Doctor Ward's Accidental Terrarium". The American Biology Teacher. 58 (5): 276–281. doi:10.2307/4450151. JSTOR 4450151.
- ^ Coleman, E. C. (2006). The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration, from Frobisher to Ross. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-7524-3660-9.
- ^ Lyman, H. M. (1881). "History of anaesthesia". Artificial anaesthesia and anaesthetics. New York: William Wood and Company. p. 6. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
- ^ Long, C. W. (1849). "An account of the first use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anæsthetic in Surgical Operations". Southern Medical and Surgical Journal. 5: 705–13. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
- ^ Long, Tony (2007-03-30). "March 30, 1842: It's Lights Out, Thanks to Ether". Wired. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
- ^ Presented to the Royal Society of London.
- ^ "Icons, a portrait of England 1840–1860". Archived from the original on 2007-08-17. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
- ^ Owen, R. (1842). "Report on British Fossil Reptiles." Part II. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Plymouth, England.
- ^ "Über das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels – Versuch einer das Bradley'sche Theorem als integrirenden Theil in sich schliessenden allgemeineren Theorie" ("On the coloured light of the binary refracted stars and other celestial bodies – Attempt of a more general theory including Bradley's theorem as an integral part"). Abhandlungen der kaiserlichen bõhm. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Prag (Prague) V Folge 2. 25 May 1842.
- ^ von Mayer, J. R. (1842). "Bemerkungen über die Kräfte der unbelebten Nature ("Remarks on the forces of inorganic nature")". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 43 (2): 233–40. doi:10.1002/jlac.18420420212. hdl:2027/umn.319510020751527.
- ^ "History of the university". TU Delft. Archived from the original on 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
- ^ "Vacuum & Sewing Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-29. See section: "Contributors to the invention of the sewing machine".
- ^ Smiles, Samuel (1912). James Nasmyth Engineer: an Autobiography. John Murray. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ Rosenthal, Richard T. (2000). "The Cyanotype". Vernacular Photography. Archived from the original on 2013-03-30. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
- ^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- ^ Haines, Catharine M C; Stevens, Helen M (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1.
- ^ Bernce, Arvid (1981). Efter 1809 en Krönika i ord och bild om Finlandssvenskarna (in Swedish). Helsingfors: Bernces förlag. p. 2003. ISBN 978-9-15000-408-3.