Abdul Razak Hussein

This article is about the second prime minister of Malaysia. For the Burmese politician, see U Razak.
In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. The name Hussein is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by their given name, Abdul Razak. The word "bin" or "binti"/"binte" means 'son of' or 'daughter of', respectively.

Yang Amat Berbahagia Tun Haji
Abdul Razak Hussein
DMN DK I (Pahang) DK (Kelantan) SMN DUK SIMP SPMJ SPMK SPMS SPMP SPCM DUPN SPDK SPMT DP SPMP SPMB DPMB GCMG KStJ
عبد الرزاق حسين
Potrait of Razak
2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia
In office
22 September 1970 – 14 January 1976
Monarchs
Deputy
Preceded byTunku Abdul Rahman
Succeeded byHussein Onn
1st Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia
In office
31 August 1957 – 22 September 1970
Monarchs
Prime MinisterTunku Abdul Rahman
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byIsmail Abdul Rahman
1st Chairman of Barisan Nasional
In office
1 January 1973 – 14 January 1976
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byHussein Onn
3rd President of the United Malays National Organisation
In office
25 January 1971 – 14 January 1976
Preceded byTunku Abdul Rahman
Succeeded byHussein Onn
3rd Menteri Besar of Pahang
In office
1 February 1955 – 15 June 1955
MonarchAbu Bakar
Preceded byTengku Mohamad Sultan Ahmad Mu'azzam Shah
Succeeded byTengku Mohamad Sultan Ahmad
Member of the Malaysian Parliament
for Pekan[a]
In office
11 September 1959 – 14 January 1976
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byNajib Razak
Ministerial portfolios
1955–1957Minister of Education
1957–1970Minister of Defence
1957–1970Minister of National and Rural Development
1967–1969Minister of Home Affairs
1970–1975Minister of Foreign Affairs
1974–1976Minister of Defence
1974Minister of Finance
Personal details
Born
Abdul Razak bin Hussein

(1922-03-11)11 March 1922
Pekan, Pahang, Federated Malay States
Died14 January 1976(1976-01-14) (aged 53)
London, England
Cause of deathLeukemia
Resting placeMakam Pahlawan, Masjid Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Political partyLabour Party (UK) (1947–1950)
United Malays National Organisation (1950-1976)
Other political
affiliations		Alliance Party (1955–1973)
Barisan Nasional (1973–1976)
Spouse
​
(m. 1952)​
Children5 (including Najib and Nazir)
EducationMalay College Kuala Kangsar
Alma materRaffles College (unfinished)
Lincoln's Inn (LLB)
ProfessionLawyer
Military service
Branch/serviceAskar Wataniah Pahang
Years of service1941–1945
RankCaptain
UnitForce 136
Battles/warsWorld War II

Abdul Razak bin Dato' Haji Hussein (Jawi: عبد الرزاق بن حسين; 11 March 1922 – 14 January 1976) was a Malaysian lawyer and politician who served as the second prime minister of Malaysia from 1970 until his death in 1976. He also served as the first deputy prime minister of Malaysia from 1957 to 1970. He is referred to as the Father of Development (Bapa Pembangunan).

During his term as prime minister, Abdul Razak launched the Malaysian New Economic Policy (NEP), a program aimed at reducing the socioeconomic disparity between ethnic communities, particulary those of the ethnic Malay and Chinese.[1] He also oversaw a realignment of Malaysian foreign policy away from his predecessor's pro-West and anti-Communist attitude and towards neutrality, with the country becoming a member of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1970.[2] Abdul Razak was also the figure responsible for setting up Barisan Nasional (BN), which held power uninterrupted from its inception in 1974 to 2018.[3]

His eldest son, Najib Razak, became the sixth prime minister in 2009; Najib is the first prime minister of Malaysia to be a descendant of a former prime minister.

Early life and education

[edit]

Born in Kampung Pulau Keladi, a village located northwest of Pekan, Pahang on 11 March 1922,[4] Abdul Razak is the first of two children to Yang Dihormati (YDH) Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar ke-9, Dato' Hussein Awang bin Mohd Taib (1898–1950) and Datin Hajah Teh Fatimah bt Daud (1906–1968). An aristocratic descendant of Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar, Abdul Razak studied at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar.

After joining the Malay Administrative Service in 1938, he was awarded a scholarship to study at Raffles College in Singapore in 1940. His studies at the college ceased with the onset of the Second World War. During the war he helped organise the Wataniah resistance movement in Pahang.[5]

After World War II, Abdul Razak left for Britain in 1948 to study law. In 1950, he received a law degree and qualified as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in London. During his student days in England, Abdul Razak was a member of the British Labour Party and a prominent student leader of the Malay Association of Great Britain, and formed the student association Malayan Forum.

Involvement in World War II

[edit]

After his studies were interrupted in 1942 because of World War II, Abdul Razak returned to Kuantan, Pahang. There, he met his former colleague from the Malay Administrative Service, Yeop Mahidin, and expressed his interest in joining the Malay Regiment (now Royal Malay Regiment). Mahidin, who was also the founder of Askar Wataniah Pahang ('Pahang State Territorial Army'; precursor of the Rejimen Askar Wataniah), recruited Razak into his new guerrilla force. Upon the completion of his training, Razak was instructed to join the Japanese Malayan Civil Service as an agent and informant.

Razak, as an aristocrat and son of a respected Malay leader in Pahang, was posted to his home state of Pahang as an assistant to District Officer and at the same time as a bridge for the Japanese to gain the trust of local Malays. Using his privileges as an aristocrat, Razak started networking with the Imperial Japanese Forces while maintaining his connection with Yeop Mahidin. His role as an informant inside the Japanese Administration was only known to a few. Because of this, Razak was labelled as a traitor by the rest of the Wataniah Pahang.

As the Malay population received preferential treatment compared to other ethnic groups, it was not fully trusted by the British to oppose the Japanese occupation. Nevertheless, the Askar Wataniah Pahang with its 200 members were absorbed into the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and organised under Force 136.

Force 136 Pahang's missions' continuous success made the Japanese Administration begin to suspect that there were informants inside their administration. Force 136 Pahang quickly set up an extraction mission to recover their agent, Razak, who was still unknown to many of its members.

Political involvement

[edit]
Deputy Prime Minister Razak greeting New Zealand Prime Minister Walter Nash in 1960.
Deputy Prime Minister Razak with U.S. President John F. Kennedy in the White House, 1961

Upon his return from the United Kingdom, in 1950, Tun Razak joined the Malayan Civil Service.[4] Owing to his political calibre, he became the youth chief for United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). Two years later, he worked as the Assistant State Secretary of Pahang and in February 1955, at just 33 years of age, became Pahang's Chief Minister.

Razak stood in and won a seat in Malaya's first general elections in July 1955 and was appointed as the Education Minister. He was instrumental in the drafting of the Razak Report which formed the basis of the Malayan education system. Tun Razak was also a key member of the February 1956 mission to London to seek the independence of Malaya from the British.[4]

After the general elections in 1959, he became the Minister of Rural Development in addition to holding the portfolios of Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence, which he held from 1957.[4] His achievements include formulating the development policy known as the Red Book.

Infusing young blood

[edit]

At the time of Separation of Singapore from the Federation of Malaysia in 1965, Tun Razak realised that UMNO needed more young leaders in the party. Faced with, amongst other things Lee Kuan Yew's considerable oratorical skills, Razak wanted young Malay leaders – grounded in their own faith and culture – who would be able to speak and if necessary debate both in the Malay language and English language.

Razak understood that power resided in the Malay community and that for this power to be wielded effectively, the elite among the Malays had to be an elite determined by ability, aptitude and commitment to the nation as a whole. Class, birth and money were secondary in his calculations.

As a consequence of this initiative, the then young leaders of mixed heritage in UMNO, such as Mahathir Mohamad, were drafted into higher echelons of the political establishment.

In 1967 he was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for community leadership.

Premiership

[edit]

After the 13 May Incident 1969, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj received many criticisms from various parties for his inability to deal with racial issues. This led to his resignation as prime minister. Tun Abdul Razak then imposed a State of Emergency, ruling by decree as the National Operations Council until 1970.[4] In September 1970, Tunku Abdul Rahman was succeeded by Tun Abdul Razak as the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

Tun Razak set up the Barisan Nasional or National Front on 1 January 1973 to replace the ruling Alliance Party. He increased the membership of its parties and coalitions in an effort to establish "Ketahanan Nasional" (National Strength) through political stability.

Tun Razak is also renowned for launching the Malaysian New Economic Policy (MNEP) in 1971. He and the "second generation" of Malay politicians saw the need to tackle vigorously the economic and social disparities which fuelled racial antagonisms and violence. The MNEP set two basics goals – to reduce and eventually eradicate poverty, and to reduce and eventually eradicate identification of economic function with race.

Death

[edit]

Abdul Razak was diagnosed with leukemia but kept it secret since 1969.

Abdul Razak died in office on 14 January 1976[4][6] while seeking medical treatment in London. He was posthumously granted the soubriquet Bapa Pembangunan ('Father of Development'). He was laid to rest in Heroes Mausoleum (Malay: Makam Pahlawan) near Masjid Negara, Kuala Lumpur.

Filmography

[edit]
List of films
Year Title Role Notes Link(s)
1969 The Red Book Himself Tun Abdul Razak makes his debut in the film to explain the policy of rural economic development.[7] The film was produced by Malayan Film Unit (currently FINAS).
External videos
video icon Retrospektif: The Red Book (1969) via YouTube channel by FINAS.

Election results

[edit]
Parliament of Malaysia
Year Constituency Candidate Votes Pct Opponent(s) Votes Pct Ballots cast Majority Turnout
1959 P062 Pekan, Pahang Abdul Razak Hussein (UMNO) 8,811 77.26% Mohamed Ariff Abas (PMIP) 2,593 22.74% 11,508 6,218 74.52%
1964 Abdul Razak Hussein (UMNO) 11,858 87.39% Abdul Hamid Awang Hitam (PMIP) 1,711 12.61% 14,165 10,147 76.63%
1969 Abdul Razak Hussein (UMNO) 12,641 77.28% Yazid Jaafar (PMIP) 3,716 22.72% 16,845 8,925 71.24%
1974 P071 Pekan, Pahang Abdul Razak Hussein (UMNO) Unopposed

Awards and recognitions

[edit]
Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak with US President John F. Kennedy at the White House in 1961

Titles

[edit]
  •  Malaysia: Bapa Pembangunan ('Father of Development'), (posthumously)
  •  Pahang: Yang DiHormat Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar ke-10

Honours of Malaysia

[edit]

Foreign honours

[edit]

Things named after him

[edit]
Tun Abdul Razak Memorial in Kuala Lumpur.

Several things were named after him, including:

[edit]

Motion picture & television

  • Malaysian actor Naa Murad N played in 2007 film 1957: Hati Malaya
  • FFM Award Winning actor Rusdi Ramli portrayed Razak in 2013 film Tanda Putera and won his second FFM for Best Leading Actor.
  • Malaysian actor Abdul Manan Sulaiman in 2015 film, Kapsul

Stage/Theatre

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Parliament suspended 13 May 1969 – 20 February 1971

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Castellino, Joshua, ed. (15 May 2017). Global Minority Rights (1 ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315254203-12. ISBN 978-1-315-25420-3.
  2. ^ Salleh, Asri; Idris, Asmady (2021). "Malaysia's United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (1960–2010)". doi:10.1007/978-981-33-4137-1. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Cheah Boon Kheng (2002). Malaysia: The Making of a Nation. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-981-230-175-8.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abdul Razak bin Hussein, Tun Haji". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 21. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
  5. ^ "1967 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership – Tun Abdul Razak". Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
  6. ^ "Razak is Dead - Malaysian Premier dies of leukaemia in London". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 15 January 1976.
  7. ^ Hassan Abdul Muthalib (2013). Malaysian Cinema in a Bottle: A Century (and a Bit More) of Wayang. Merpati Jingga. p. 88. ISBN 9789670584010.
  8. ^ "Lagi dua orang bergelar Tun". Berita Harian. 31 August 1959. p. 1.
  9. ^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1976" (PDF).
  10. ^ Zainuddin Maidin (1997). Tun Razak: Jejak Bertapak Seorang Patriot. Kuala Lumpur: Lembaga Pemegang Amanah, Yayasan Tun Razak. p. 320. ISBN 967-61-0751-4. OCLC 38048384.
  11. ^ "Bintang Pahang untok Sultan Johor". Berita Harian. 30 May 1967. p. 2.
  12. ^ "Top award for Razak". The Straits Times. 5 February 1975. p. 22.
  13. ^ "21 das untok menyambut Seri Paduka di-Kangar". Berita Harian. 16 September 1965. p. 5.
  14. ^ "SPMS 1965". awards.selangor.gov.my. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  15. ^ "Tengku and brother head list of honours". The Straits Times. 28 October 1961. p. 7.
  16. ^ "Anugerah Sultan kepada Tengku". Berita Harian. 26 June 1964. p. 9.
  17. ^ "SPCM 1974". pingat.perak.gov.my. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  18. ^ "Anugerah Sultan Perak kpd Tun Razak juga MB". Berita Harian. 29 August 1964. p. 2.
  19. ^ "BRUNEI SULTAN DECORATES KING, RAZAK & RAHMAN". The Straits Times. 26 April 1959. p. 7.
  20. ^ "Brunei ruler honours 7 Malayans". Straits Budget. 1 October 1958. p. 9.
  21. ^ "Roster of Presidential Awardees under Executive Order 236". Official Gazette. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  22. ^ "Tun Razak di-kurnia GCMG oleh Queen". Berita Harian. 24 February 1972. p. 10.
  23. ^ "No. 44404". The London Gazette. 8 September 1967. p. 9801.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abdul Razak Hussein.
Political offices
New office Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia
1957–1970 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Malaysia
1970–1976 		Succeeded by
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