Benjamin Lay

Benjamin Lay
A 1750 portrait of Lay by William Williams
Born	January 26, 1682 Copford, Essex, Kingdom of England
Died	February 8, 1759(1759-02-08) (aged 77) Abington, Pennsylvania, British America
Occupation	Sailor, merchant, and farmer
Spouse	Sarah Smith ​ ​ (m. 1718; died 1735)​
Pennsylvania Historical Marker
Official name	Benjamin Lay (1682–1759)
Designated	September 22, 2018

Benjamin Lay (January 26, 1682 – February 8, 1759) was an English-born writer, farmer and activist. Born in Copford, Essex, into a Quaker family, he initially underwent an apprenticeship as a glovemaker before running away to London and finding work as a sailor. In 1718, Lay moved to the British colony of Barbados, which operated on a plantation economy dependent on slave labour. While working as a merchant, his shock at the brutal treatment of slaves in Barbados led Lay to develop lifelong abolitionist principles, which were reinforced by his humanitarian ideals and Quaker beliefs.

Lay subsequently moved to the Province of Pennsylvania in British North America, living in Philadelphia before settling in Abington with his wife Sarah Smith Lay, who was also a Quaker and shared his humanitarian and abolitionist beliefs. Operating a small farm which produced fruit, flax and wool, he refused to consume any product made from slave labour and lived a frugal, vegetarian lifestyle, which continued after Sarah died in 1735. A hunchback with a protruding chest, Lay was roughly four feet tall, and referred to himself as "Little Benjamin".

Lay was also a prolific writer, writing books and pamphlets which advocated for the abolition of slavery. His 1737 book All Slave-Keepers That Keep the Innocent in Bondage: Apostates was one of the first abolitionist works published in the Thirteen Colonies. Lay developed a hostile relationship with American Quakers, many of whom owned slaves. He would frequently disrupt Quaker meetings with flamboyant demonstrations to protest against their involvement in slavery. Lay died in early 1759, and his anti-slavery views would go on to inspire successive American abolitionists.^[1][2]

Benjamin Lay was born in 1682 to Quaker parents in Copford, near Colchester, England.^[3]: 11 After working as a farmhand and shepherd, later as an apprentice glove-maker, Lay ran away to London and became a sailor at age 21. He later returned to England and married Sarah Smith by 1718.^[4]

In 1718, Lay moved to Barbados as a merchant. Soon, his abolitionist principles, fueled by his Quaker radicalism, made him unpopular with those fellow residents who profited from slavery and human trafficking. In 1731, Lay emigrated to the Province of Pennsylvania, settling first in Philadelphia (in what is now the Olney neighborhood), and later in Abington. In Abington, he was one of the earliest and most zealous opponents of slavery, at a time when Quakers were not yet organized in opposition to slavery.^[5] On one occasion Lay carried an animal bladder filled with red pokeberry juice under his coat in order to stage a protest.^[6]

Lay stood barely over four feet tall, referring to himself as "Little Benjamin". He was a hunchback with a protruding chest, and his arms were as long as his legs. Lay became a vegetarian after killing a groundhog that had ravaged his garden.^[7] He had nailed its body parts to the corners of his garden. He felt remorse over the incident and after reading the works of Thomas Tyron declared himself a vegetarian and recommended a quiet, rural life based on "harmony and unity" with the world.^[7] Lay came to view a divine pantheistic presence of God in all living things; he opposed the death penalty in all instances.^[7]

As a vegetarian; he ate fruits, honey and vegetables, and drank only milk and water.^[8] He planted apple, peach and walnut trees and managed a large apiary. Honey was a staple of his diet; he never killed the bees.^[7] He also grew potatoes, radishes and squash. His favourite meal was "turnips boiled, and afterwards roasted".^[7]

Lay created his own clothes to boycott all commodities produced by the exploitation of others, including animals.^[6][7] He refused to use the wool of sheep and only wore flax-made garments.^[7] Refusing to participate in what he described in his tracts as a degraded, hypocritical, tyrannical, and even demonic society, Lay was committed to a lifestyle of almost complete self-sustenance after his beloved wife died. Dwelling in the Pennsylvania countryside in a cave with outside entryway attached, Lay farmed fruit trees, and spun the flax he grew into clothing for himself. Inside the cave he stowed his library: two hundred books of theology, biography, history, and poetry.^[9]

He published over 200 pamphlets, most of which were impassioned polemics against various social institutions of the time, particularly slavery, capital punishment, the prison system, the moneyed Pennsylvania Quaker elite, etc.^{[citation needed]}

He first began advocating for the abolition of slavery when, in Barbados, he saw an enslaved man commit suicide rather than be hit again by his owner. His passionate enmity of slavery was partially fueled by his Quaker beliefs. Lay made several dramatic demonstrations against the practice. He once stood outside a Quaker meeting in winter wearing no coat and at least one foot bare and in the snow. When a passerby expressed concern for his health, he said that slaves were made to work outdoors in winter dressed as he was. On another occasion, he kidnapped the child of slaveholders temporarily, to show them how Africans felt when their relatives were sold overseas.^[10]

In Burlington, New Jersey, at the 1738 Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Quakers, dressed as a soldier, he concluded a diatribe against slavery, quoting the Bible saying that all men should be equal under God, by plunging a sword into a Bible containing a bladder of blood-red pokeberry juice, which spattered over those nearby.^[11][12]

Benjamin Franklin had printed Lay's book All Slave Keepers That keep the Innocent in Bondage, Apostates, a polemic against slavery, and sold it for two shillings a copy, twenty shillings a dozen. He regularly visited in Lay's later years, after Lay had become a hermit. Franklin then owned a slave by the name of Joseph and by 1750 he owned two more slaves, Peter and Jemima. Lay pressed him for his justification: "With What Right?" In April 1757, Franklin drafted his new will in which he promised Peter and Jemima that they would be freed after his death.^[9]

As a gift to her husband, Franklin's wife Deborah Read commissioned William Williams to paint a portrait of Benjamin Lay (portrayed above). This portrait was known in the 18th century, but disappeared until it was sold at auction in 1977 for four dollars, restored by conservators at the Winterthur Museum, and subsequently sold to the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, DC.^{[3]: 123–125}

Benjamin Lay died in Abington, Pennsylvania, in 1759. His legacy continued to inspire the abolitionist movement for generations; throughout the early and mid-19th century, it was common for abolitionist Quakers to keep pictures of Lay in their homes. Benjamin Lay was buried in Abington Friends Meeting's burial ground in a grave whose exact location is unknown, but next to the meeting house and adjacent to Abington Friends School in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. In 2012, during the brief Occupy Jenkintown encampment, protesters symbolically rechristened the Jenkintown Town Square as "Benjamin Lay Plaza".^[13]

In 2018, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission erected a historical marker in Abington commemorating Lay.^[14] On April 21, 2018, Abington Friends Meeting unveiled a grave marker for Benjamin and Sarah Lay in its graveyard.^[15]

Four Quaker meetings disowned Lay for his inconvenient campaigning. In 2018, Southern East Anglia Area Meeting, part of Britain Yearly Meeting, became the last of the four to "undisown" him. The others were Abington Monthly Meeting and Philadelphia Yearly Meeting in the US and North London Area Meeting in Britain.^[16]

The Benjamin Lay room at Friends House, London, UK is named after him.^[17]

The Fearless Benjamin Lay: The Quaker Dwarf Who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist is a book about Lay written by Marcus Rediker and published by Verso Books on September 1, 2017.^[18][19][20] The Return of Benjamin Lay, a play by Naomi Wallace and Redicker, starring Mark Povinelli, opened in London in 2023.^[21] The production will be mounted in Philadelphia in May 2025.^[22]

• Book: All Slave-Keepers That Keep the Innocent in Bondage, Apostates. Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin. 1737.^[23]

• Thomas Tryon, one of Benjamin Lay's influences; in the Williams painting, Lay is holding a copy of one of Tryon's works^[24]
• List of abolitionist forerunners

• "Account of the life of Benjamin Lay, one of the early antislavery advocates". The Friend: A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal. XXIX (23, 25–29): 180, 196, 204–05, 212, 220, 229–30. 1856.
• Allan, William (1832). An American Biographical and Historical Dictionary, containing an Account of the Lives, Characters, and Writings of the most eminent Persons in North America from its first settlement, and a summary of the History of the several colonies and of the United States (2nd ed.). Boston. pp. 518–519.
• Beck, W.; Wells, W.F.; Chalkley, H.G. (1888). "Benjamin Lay. Born 1677—died 1759—aged eighty-two years". Biographical Catalogue, being an Account of the Lives of Friends and others whose Portraits are in the London Friends' Institute. Also descriptive Notices of Friends' Schools and Institutions of which the Gallery contains Illustrations. London: Friends' Institute. pp. 418–422.
• "Benjamin Lay" (PDF). The Journal of the Friends' Historical Society. XXIII (1/2): 60–61. 1926.
• Bernet, Claus (2001). "Benjamin Lay". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 19. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 875–880. ISBN 3-88309-089-1.
• "Certificate for Benjamin Lay from Colchester Monthly Meeting, dated 12mo. 4, 1731, and addressed to Philadelphia Monthly Meeting". The Friend: A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal. LIII: 135. 1879.
• Child, Lydia Maria Francis (1842). Memoir of Benjamin Lay, Compiled from Various Sources. New York: American Anti-Slavery Society.
• Duyckinck, Evert Augustus; Duyckinck, George Long (1856). "Biographical Anecdote of Benjamin Lay". Cyclopaedia of American literature embracing personal and critical notices of authors, and selections from their writings, from the earliest period to the present day, with Portraits, Autographs, and other Illustrations. Vol. I. Philadelphia: Rutter. pp. 279–280.
• Hunt, John (1833). Comly, John; Comly, Isaac (eds.). "Notices of Benjamin Lay". Friends Miscellany. Being a Collection of Essays and Fragments, Biographical Religious Epistolary, Narrative and Historical. Designed for the Promotion of Piety and Virtue to Preserve in Remembrance the Characters and Views of Exemplary Individuals, and to Rescue from Oblivion Those Manuscripts, Left by Them Which May be Useful to Survivors. VII. Philadelphia: J. Richards: 274–276.
• Hunt, John (1925). "Anecdotes of Benjamin Lay" (PDF). Journal of Friends' Historical Society. XXII: 72–75.
• Kashatus, William C. (1985). "Abington's Fiery Little Abolitionist". Old York Road Historical Society Bulletin. XLV: 35–39.
• Kogan, Nathaniel Smith (August 22, 2016). "Aberrations in the Body and in the Body Politic: The Eighteenth-Century Life of Benjamin Lay, Disabled Abolitionist". Disability Studies Quarterly. 36 (3). The Ohio State University Libraries. doi:10.18061/dsq.v36i3.5135. ISSN 2159-8371.
• "Lay, Benjamin (1677–1759)". Pennsylvania Biographical Dictionary. Vol. I. Wilmington. 1998. pp. 31–33.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Perry, Marvin (1985). "Benjamin Lay". In Whitman, Alden (ed.). American Reformers. New York: H.W. Wilson. pp. 514–515.
• Rediker, Marcus (2017). The Fearless Benjamin Lay: The Quaker Dwarf Who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-3592-4.
• Rosier, Paul (1999). "Benjamin Lay". In Garraty, John; Carnes, Mark (eds.). American National Biography. Vol. XIII. New York. pp. 305–307.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Rowntree, C. Brightwen (1936). "Benjamin Lay (1681–1759) of Colchester, London, Barbados, Philadelphia". The Journal of the Friends' Historical Society. XXXIII: 3–19.
• Rush, Benjamin (1815). "Biographical Anecdotes of Benjamin Lay". The Annual Monitor, or, New Letter-Case and Memorandum Book. I. York.
• Skidmore, Gil (2000). "Benjamin Lay. 1683–1759". Dear friends and bretheren. 25 short biographies of Quaker men. Reading: Sowle Press. pp. 19–21.
• Stevenson, Janet Marshall (1969). Pioneers in Freedom: Adventures in Courage. Chicago: Reilly & Lee Books.
• Taylor, Astra (Spring 2023). "A Paradise for All: The relentless radicalism of Benjamin Lay". Lapham's Quarterly. XV (1).
• Vaux, Roberts (1815). Memoirs of the lives of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Sandiford, two of the earliest public advocates for the emancipation of the enslaved Africans. Philadelphia: Solomon W. Conrad.

• https://benjaminlay.org contains an online edition of Benjamin Lay's 1738 book, All Slave-Keepers: Apostates!
• Rigby, Nic (February 10, 2018). "Benjamin Lay: The Quaker dwarf who fought slavery". BBC News.
• Bankard, Bob. "The Story of Benjamin Lay (includes physical description)". Archived from the original on May 11, 2010.
• Cole, Wilford P. (1968). "Henry Dawkins and the Quaker Comet". Winterthur Portfolio. 4: 34–46. doi:10.1086/495772. JSTOR 1180484. S2CID 162270807. Text on Lay (13 pages)