Capex Corporation

Capex Corporation
Company typePrivate
IndustryComputer software
Founded1969
FateAcquired by Computer Associates in 1982
Headquarters
Phoenix, Arizona
,
United States
Key people
  • A. LeRoy Ellison
Products
  • Compiler optimizers
  • early spreadsheets
  • system utilities
Number of employees
  • 40 (1976)
  • 100 (1978)
  • 260 (1982)

Capex Corporation was an American computer software company in existence from 1969 through 1982 and based in Phoenix, Arizona. It made a variety of software products, mostly system utilities for the IBM mainframe platform,[1] and was known for its Optimizer add-on to the IBM COBOL compiler. Capex was acquired by Computer Associates in 1982.

Origins

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The company was begun as a start-up in August 1969.[2][3] In all there were eight original employees, with funding coming from venture capital.[3] Some of the founders had been working for General Electric's computer division in Phoenix,[4] on systems such as the GE-600 series.[5] There, as a 1990 profile in the Phoenix Business Journal of one of them stated, they "encountered the types of limitations that would encourage him and countless other engineers and technical people to venture off and start their own businesses".[4] Among these founders were A. LeRoy Ellison (1936–2017),[6] who became president of the new company,[7] and Harry N. Cantrell (1924–2004).[8] Other original employees had been working on Univac systems.[3]

In putting out mainframe computer systems, General Electric, like other hardware vendors of the time, was providing software without cost to its customers.[4] The Capex founders thought that hardware companies failed to have a sufficient understanding of the software world[3] and that, as a consequence, there was a viable market to be found for an independent software company.[4] This was especially the case following IBM's decision to unbundle software from its mainframes in 1969, which happened but two months after the founding of Capex.[3] Capex became one of the first companies to capitalize on that change in the marketplace.[6] Initially, they intended to offer products for multiple vendors' platforms but soon found that economically it made sense to focus only on the dominant IBM mainframe.[3]

Early executives of Capex Corporation included Russell E. Edwards [9] and John J. Anderson.[10] The office for the company was located on 3rd Street,[11] in the Midtown Phoenix neighborhood near the Central Avenue Corridor. The company said that it became profitable during 1971.[3]

Products

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By 1976, Capex Corporation employed forty people, had sales offices in various cities in the United States and Canada, and had resellers overseas.[3] Capex's products were focused on IBM's OS/MVS operating system and they benefited from having a sales force dedicated to selling on and for that platform.[12] The company began to grow rapidly. By 1978, they had around 100 employees and began building a new $2 million, 36,000-square-foot (3,300 m2) dedicated building for the company, with room to at least double its size.[7] The new office, further north and east in Midtown at 14th Street and Indian School Road, replaced the 3rd Street office and a second facility on Thomas Road.[7]

The company offered both system software products and application software products.[3]

Optimizer

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The COBOL (English-like programming language) Optimizer was first released in late 1970[2] and soon achieved visibility within the computing industry.[13] The Optimizer was a special kind of optimizing compiler, that being a post-code generation-phase object code optimizer for the IBM COBOL compiler.[14][15] The product acted in part as a peephole optimizer, replacing code sequences generated by the IBM compiler with shorter or faster sequences that had the same semantic effect.[11] These transformations also included avoiding loads from main memory into registers and improving how COBOL PERFORM statements were implemented.[14]

Printout banner page for the Capex Optimizer III

The Optimizer ran during a batch compilation job, after the IBM compiler had generated object code, and was packaged so that it was essentially transparent to the programmer.[14] In the best case, its transformations could bring about a significant savings in machine instruction time at runtime.[16] One early customer, Ford Motor Company, verified assertions that execution-time savings could be on the order of 10–15 percent, while savings in the memory size of compiled programs could be up to 20–30 percent.[14]

In addition to performance improvements, the Optimizer could perform a static control flow analysis of the executable code within the COBOL procedure division and identify unreachable code.[15] The Optimizer III version of the product could additionally be present during test executions of the program and do path coverage analysis as well as report profiling of execution counts and timings.[15]

The Optimizer was a well-regarded and successful product that spent multiple years on Datapro Research Corporation's honor roll of software packages.[17] (Computer Associates later released a follow-on product called CA-OPTIMIZER II for MVS.[18])

AutoTab

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In 1972, Capex announced the availability of its AutoTab financial planning product, on both the IBM 360/370 platform and on the Honeywell 6000 series,[5] which was a rebadging of the GE-600 series. AutoTab was used in finance departments of some customers as an easier alternative to programming on their own and less expensive than time-sharing solutions.[19] In 1975, Autotab-II was described as extending the original support for up to a 250 × 250 matrix to a maximum of 1500 × 1500, "combined in any proportion the user requires..."[20] Viewed as decision support system products, Autotab 300 and Autotab 3000 were still in use in the early 1980s.[21] Autotab can be seen as an early form of spreadsheet, albeit a batch-oriented spreadsheet, that lent itself towards sophisticated financial planning uses.[22]

Other products

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In addition to the Optimizer and AutoTab, the company put out a variety of other software products. These included:

  • PLAN IV:MVS – system management and planning, bottleneck identification[3]
  • TLMS II – Tape Library Management System for IBM mainframe OS/MVS environments[23] (this tape library management product was subsequently renamed to CA-DYNAM/TLMS by Computer Associates)
  • The Scheduler – Batch job scheduling product for mainframe OS/MVS environments[24] (this was not the original version of Computer Associates' job scheduling product, CA-SCHEDULER 7.0, which was written from scratch by CA and released in 1985 for the OS/MVS, DOS/VSE and VM/CMS operating systems)
  • Manage:DASD – Software to accommodate Direct Access Storage Device maintenance on OS/MVS systems[25]
  • EZTEST – interactive debugging tool for CICS teleprocessing monitor on IBM mainframe systems (actually released a couple of months after the acquisition by Computer Associates).[26]
  • COTUNE II - A program which assisted with optimization of COBOL code. The input was COBOL source code from a program, and the output was a revised version of the program which, when compiled and run, produced as output a copy of the original source code along with numbers showing how many times each line had actually executed during operation. This allowed a programmer to look for dead code (lines which ran 0 times) and also allowed a programmer to optimize code for the lines which ran the most times.

Fate

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Capex Corporation continued to grow and by 1982 employed 260 people,[27] while remaining privately held.[3] It was announced in June 1982 that the company would be acquired by the Long Island firm, Computer Associates International, Inc. (CA).[28] Computer Associates would gain all of the stock of Capex in return for shares of Computer Associates valued at $22.5 million.[28][a] The deal was completed in August 1982.[27][29]

The acquisition happened even though Computer Associates was only slightly larger than Capex at the time.[12] The deal has sometimes been referred to as a merger,[27][30] and following its completion, CA's sales became half again larger.[1] After the combining, 30 people from Capex were laid off.[27]

Capex continued to operate as a division of Computer Associates from their 14th Street Phoenix office until 1984 at the latest, when the remaining employees moved southward to an office near Interstate 10 and 24th Street, at which point the Computer Associates had fully subsumed the Capex brand.[31][32]

The acquisition of Capex was generally viewed as having been successful.[12] It was the start of what was to become a buying spree for Computer Associates over the next several years,[33] a spree that under chief Charles B. Wang would result in CA becoming one of the largest software companies in the world.[12][1]

After selling, Capex founder Ellison went on to become a leading figure in Arizona entrepreneurial circles.[4]

Notes

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  1. ^ An amount which has sometimes been simplified to $22 million.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2003). From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 181, 182. ISBN 9780262033039.
  2. ^ a b Corporation Annual Reports to Shareholders. Fourth Series: 1976 to 1980. Vol. 16. 1976. p. 7. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k French, Nancy (August 16, 1976). "Independent Software Seen Boosting IBM in Market". Computerworld. p. 39. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e Jensen, Tom; Yates, Mary Ellen (July 2, 1990). "Le Roy Ellison; energetic entrepreneur works tirelessly to aid small business growth in Arizona". The Business Journal. Phoenix & the Valley of the Sun. p. 12. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023 – via Gale General OneFile.
  5. ^ a b "uncertain". Journal of Systems Management. 23: 7. 1972. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Obituaries: Ellison, A. LeRoy". The Arizona Republic. April 9, 2017. ProQuest 1885427898. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023 – via ProQuest.
  7. ^ a b c "Capex Corp. to build $2 million home office". The Arizona Republic. April 30, 1978. p. B-17. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ "Obituaries: Harry Neill Cantrell". The Arizona Republic. July 22, 2004. p. B10. ProQuest 238476582. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023 – via ProQuest.
  9. ^ "uncertain". Software Digest. 1973. p. 6. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  10. ^ "uncertain". ICP Quarterly. 1971. p. 255. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  11. ^ a b "'Optimizer Plus' Replaces ANS Cobol-Generated Code". Computerworld. December 1, 1971. p. 15. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d Gillin, Paul (October 15, 1984). "CAI's road to growth paved with acquisitions". Computerworld. pp. 107, 108. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  13. ^ Merten, Alan; Teichroew, Daniel. "The impact of problem statement languages on evaluating and improving software performance". Proceedings of the December 5-7, 1972, Fall joint computer conference, part II [AFIPS '72 (Fall, part II)]. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 849–857. doi:10.1145/1480083.1480108.
  14. ^ a b c d "uncertain". EDP Analyzer. Vol. 9–10. United Communications Group. 1971. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  15. ^ a b c Evans, Michael (December 1982). "Software Engineering for the Cobol Environment". Communications of the ACM. 25 (12): 874–882. doi:10.1145/358728.358732. S2CID 17268690.
  16. ^ Cashin, James A.; Meyer, Dorothy E. (1979). Current Problems in the Accounting Profession. Hofstra University. p. 189. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  17. ^ Leavitt, Don (January 17, 1977). "Users Put 38 Packages on Honor Roll". Computerworld. p. 23. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  18. ^ Gordon, Bob (January 13, 1993). "CA Extends Mission-Critical Solutions to New Platforms" (Press release). Business Wire. ProQuest 447039177. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2023 – via ProQuest.
  19. ^ "Software Aids In-House Financial Forecasting". Infosystems. November 1977. p. 82. ProQuest 209408993. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023 – via ProQuest.
  20. ^ "'Autotab' Update Extends Former Matrix Size Limits". Computerworld. May 28, 1975. p. 19. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  21. ^ Reimann, Bernard C.; Waren, Allan D. (February 1985). "User-oriented criteria for the selection of DSS software". Communications of the ACM. 28 (2): 166–179. doi:10.1145/2786.2790. S2CID 12911879.
  22. ^ von Baranov, Eric (June 1983). "The Financial Planner's Customizing Language". PC Magazine. pp. 533ff. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  23. ^ "uncertain". Infosystems. Hitchcock Publishing Company. 1980. p. 90. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  24. ^ "Supershorts". Computerworld. April 13, 1981. p. 86. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  25. ^ "Business Graphics, DASD for IBM VMS Offered". Computerworld. April 5, 1982. p. 53. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  26. ^ "IBM OS/VS1 Users Receive Test Aid For CICS/VS". Computerworld. October 11, 1982. p. 41. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  27. ^ a b c d Staff writer (September 18, 1982). "In Arizona". Arizona Daily Star. p. H1. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ a b "Boardroom Chatter". Newsday. Nassau County, Long Island. June 14, 1982. p. 13 (Business). Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ "Computer Associates buys assets of Value Software". Computerworld. May 13, 1985. p. 129. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  30. ^ Sandomir, Richard (September 3, 1982). "Caesars World Will Sell Ontel Corp". Newsday. Nassau County, Long Island. p. 39. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^ Computer Associates International (December 12, 1982). "Sales and Sales Support". The Arizona Republic (Advertisement). p. CL41. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ Computer Associates International (August 26, 1984). "Data Processing: Software Systems, Programmer/Analysts, CICS Project Development". The Arizona Republic (Advertisement). p. CL51. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ^ Wilder, Clinton (August 29, 1988). "Who's Next?". Computerworld. p. 97. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
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