China–Yugoslavia relations

China–Yugoslavia relations
Map indicating locations of China and Yugoslavia

China
Yugoslavia

China–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between China and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. For a long period during the Cold War China was critical towards perceived excessive liberalism, too close cooperation with Western Bloc or market socialism of Yugoslavia, therefore the Chinese communists accused the Yugoslav communists of being revisionists, while the Yugoslav communists accused the Chinese communists of being dogmatics. But, the good relations between both socialist states were restored at the end of the 1960s, and improved even more since the Sino-Albanian rupture occurred[1][2] (the good relations that existed between China and Albania were frozen since 1972 and were definitively canceled in 1978, the cause of said rupture was that the Chinese communists began to be considered as revisionists by the Albanian communists), with the trend of improved relations continuing in relations with successor states, particularly Serbia. In the 1980s Deng Xiaoping's foreign policy resembled Yugoslavia's stance of being non-aligned and non-confrontational and with Hu Yaobang’s 1983 appraisal of ‘Josip Tito's principles of independence and equality among all communist parties, and of opposing imperialism, colonialism, and hegemonism’.[3] All six former Yugoslav republics have memoranda of understanding with China on Belt and Road Initiative.[4]

History

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Republic of China–Yugoslavia relations

China
Yugoslavia
Hua Guofeng at Brijuni, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia, 1978.

In the short and immediate period after the 1948 Tito–Stalin split and at the end of the Chinese Civil War and the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949, Yugoslav Communists looked at China for a revolutionary ally in defending "Marxism-Leninism" against Soviet "revisionism."[5] In the fall of 1949, the new People's Republic of China rejected Belgrade's offer to establish diplomatic relations and adopted the Cominform's anti-Yugoslav position.[5] The Chinese position changed in 1955 after Stalin's death when Mao Zedong welcomed the Yugoslavian Communist Union Delegation and self-critically apologized for poor relations in the past, silence and for "times when we let you down".[6]

When the Soviet Union and many other European communist countries withdrew their advisors from China in 1960, advisors from Yugoslavia were among those that remained.[7]: 243 

Following the Sino-Soviet split in late 1960's Beijing invited People's Republic of Albania to moderate its criticisms of Yugoslavia, and to suggest the creation of a Balkan zone (together with Socialist Republic of Romania) to challenge Soviet influence in the region.[8]

President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito visited China for the first time in 1977, followed by a return visit of Chinese Prime Minister Hua Guofeng to Yugoslavia in 1978.[9]

Following the breakup of Yugoslavia and Yugoslav Wars judges Li Haopei, Wang Tieya and Liu Daqun from China served at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.[10][11]

China–Yugoslavia relations

China
Yugoslavia

The PRC supported the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War and opposed the NATO airstrikes against targets in Serbia and Montenegro.[12] The PRC believed that Slobodan Milošević was acting to prevent the secession of Kosovo by Albanian separatists from the FRY, and thus supported his actions as preserving the FRY's territorial integrity.[13] The PRC opposed NATO intervention in Kosovo on the basis that it set a dangerous precedent that PRC officials believed could in the future afflict the PRC, should riots occur in Tibet or Xinjiang and then result in bombings.[13] PRC opposition to the NATO actions intensified after the bombing of the PR Chinese embassy in Belgrade during the war.[12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Entrevista de Tito con el presidente chino". El País. 31 August 1977. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  2. ^ ""Hua Kuo-feng critica en Belgrado el hegemonismo de la URSS"". El País. 22 August 1978. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  3. ^ Jie Li (7 December 2018). "Soviet Foreign Policy in the Early 1980s: A View from Chinese Sovietology". E-International Relations. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  4. ^ Jacob Mardell (18 February 2021). "China's Economic Footprint in the Western Balkans". Bertelsmann Stiftung. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  5. ^ a b Johnson, A. Ross (1974). "Yugoslavia and the Sino-Soviet conflict: The shifting triangle, 1948–1974". Studies in Comparative Communism. 7 (1−2): 184–203. doi:10.1016/0039-3592(74)90032-5. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  6. ^ "Mao & Yugoslavian Communist Union Delegation". Selected Diplomatic Papers of Mao Zedong (History and Public Policy Program). 1956. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  7. ^ Turcsanyi, Richard J. (2023). "Relations with the Europe and Russia". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower?. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-03-239508-1.
  8. ^ Etienne Manac (10 October 1969). "China and the European Socialist Countries". Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, France (History and Public Policy Program). Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  9. ^ Jens Bastian (22 February 2018). "China Reconnects with The Balkans". Reconnecting Asia. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  10. ^ "The Judges". International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  11. ^ "Former Judges". International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  12. ^ a b Warren I. Cohen. America's response to China: a history of Sino-American relations. 5th edition. New York, New York, USA; West Sussex, England, UK: Columbia University Press, 2010. p. 261.
  13. ^ a b Suisheng Zhao. Chinese Foreign Policy: Pragmatism and Strategic Behavior. New York, New York, USA: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 2004. p. 60.
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