Comparison of functional programming languages

The table shows a comparison of functional programming languages which compares various features and designs of different functional programming languages.

Name Pure Lazy evaluation Typing Abstract data types Algebraic data types Data is immutable Type classes Garbage collection First appeared
Common Lisp No[1] Simulated with thunks[2] Dynamic[3] Yes[4] Extension[5] No[6] ? Yes 1984
Scheme No[7] Yes[8] Dynamic[7] Yes[9] Simulated with thunks[10] No[11] No Yes 1975
Racket No Default in Lazy Racket[12] Dynamic by default, gradual with Typed Racket[13] Yes[14] Yes, with Algebraic Racket[15] Partial[16] No Yes 1995
Clojure No[17] Yes[18] Dynamic[19] Yes[20] Yes[21] Yes[22] No Yes 2007
Standard ML No[23] No[24][25] Static[26] Yes Yes Yes[27] No Yes 1983
OCaml No[28] Yes[28] Static[29] Yes[30] Yes[31] Yes[32] Simulated with parametric modules[33] Yes 1996
F# No[34] Yes[35] Static[36] Yes[37] Yes[38] Yes[39] No Yes 2005
Haskell Yes[40] Default[41] Static[42] Yes[40] Yes[43] Yes[44] Yes[45] Yes 1990
Scala No[46] Yes[47] Static[46] Yes[48] Yes[48] Yes[49] Yes[50] Yes 2004
JavaScript No[51][unreliable source?] Extension[52] Dynamic[53] Extension[54] Extension[55] Partial[56][57] ? Yes 1995
Clean Yes[58] Yes, with optional strictness annotations[59] Static with uniqueness/optionally dynamic[60] Yes[59] Yes[59] Yes, except for unique types[59] Yes[59] Yes 1987
Miranda Yes[61] Default[62] Static[61] Yes[63] Yes[61] Yes No Yes 1986
SASL Yes[64] Yes Dynamic[65] Yes Yes Yes No Yes 1972
Elixir No Stream module[66] Dynamic Yes No Yes ? Yes 2012
Erlang No No[67] Dynamic Yes[68] No Yes[69] ? Yes 1986
Elm Yes No Static[70] ? Yes[71] Yes[70] No Yes 2012
Futhark Yes No Static[72] Yes Yes Yes[70] No Yes 2014
Python No[73] Simulated with generators Dynamic[74] Yes[75] No Partial[76] ? Yes 1991
Idris Yes[77] Yes[77] Static[77] Yes[77] Yes[77] Yes[77] Yes[77] Yes 2007
Nix Yes No Static No Yes Yes No Yes 2003
Wolfram Language No No Static Yes Yes Yes No Yes 1988
Kotlin No Lazy delegation[78] and Sequence[79] Static Yes No Yes No Yes 2011
Swift No No Static Yes Yes Yes No Swift uses Automatic Reference Counting, which differs from tracing garbage collection but is designed to provide similar benefits with better performance. 2014
Julia No No[80] Dynamic[81] Yes[81] No Partial[81] ? Yes 2012
PureScript Yes No Static Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2013
Rust No Lazy iterators[82] and external libraries[83] Static[84] Yes[85] Yes[86] Yes[87] Yes, through traits[85] No 2010
Bosque No No Static Yes Yes Yes ? Yes 2019
D Optional[88][89] Optional[90] Static[91] ? Yes Yes[92] No Yes[93] 2001
Gleam No[94] Experimental external libraries Static Yes Yes Yes No Yes 2019

References

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