Dermatophyllum
| Dermatophyllum | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Dermatophyllum secundiflorum | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Clade: | Meso-Papilionoideae |
| Genus: | Dermatophyllum Scheele |
| Type species | |
| Dermatophyllum speciosum Scheele | |
| Species[1] | |
| 5; see text | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
Dermatophyllum/Sophora secundiflora[1] is a genus of three or four species of shrubs and small trees in the family Fabaceae. The genus is native to southwestern North America from western Texas to New Mexico and Arizona in the United States, and south through Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Nuevo León in northern Mexico. Members of the genus are commonly known as mescalbean, mescal bean, or frijolito. One of the common names of Dermatophyllum secundiflorum is Texas mountain laurel, although the name mountain laurel also refers to the very dissimilar and unrelated genus Kalmia (family Ericaceae) and the name laurel refers generally to plants in the unrelated order Laurales. Dermatophyllum secundiflorum is one of the most abundant woody species in the Texas Hill Country or Edwards Plateau.
Although still commonly treated in the genus Sophora, recent genetic evidence has shown that the mescalbeans are only distantly related to the other species of Sophora.[3]
Species
[edit]Dermatophyllum comprises the following species:[2][4][1]
- Dermatophyllum arizonicum (S.Watson) Vincent—Arizona mescalbean (Arizona, Chihuahua)
- subsp. arizonicum (S.Watson) Vincent
- subsp. formosum (Kearney & Peebles) Vincent (Arizona)
- Dermatophyllum gypsophilum (B.L. Turner & A.M. Powell) Vincent—Guadalupe mescalbean (southern New Mexico, western Texas, Coahuila)
- subsp. guadalupense (B.L.Turner & A.M.Powell) Vincent
- subsp. gypsophilum
- Dermatophyllum juanhintonianum (B.L. Turner) B.L. Turner
- Dermatophyllum purpusii (Brandegee) Vincent
- Dermatophyllum secundiflorum (Ortega) Gandhi & Reveal—Texas mescalbean (Texas, New Mexico, Coahuila, Nuevo León)
Description
[edit]
Dermatophyllum spp. grow to 1–11 m (3.3–36.1 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in diameter, often growing in dense thickets that grow from basal shoots. The leaves are evergreen, leathery, 6–15 cm (2.4–5.9 in) long, pinnate with 5-11 oval leaflets, 2–5 centimetres (0.79–1.97 in) long and 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) broad. The flowers, produced in spring, are fragrant, purple, typical pea-flower in shape, borne in erect or spreading racemes 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) long. The fruit is a hard, woody seedpod 2–15 cm (0.79–5.91 in) long, containing one to six oval, bright red seeds 1–1.5 cm (0.39–0.59 in) long and 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter.
All parts of the mescalbeans are very poisonous, containing the alkaloid cytisine (not mescaline, as suggested by the name). Nevertheless, evidence exists of the seeds of the plant having been used in a ritualistic context as a hallucinogen (or more accurately; an ordeal poison) by some Native American peoples.[5] The symptoms of cytisine poisoning are very unpleasant. This has led to speculation that the peyote cult may have developed as a relatively safe substitute for the potentially toxic mescalbean, given the close parallels in performance and divination between the two (including leaders of Plains Indian peyote rituals wearing a necklace of mescalbeans).[6]
References
[edit]
- ^ a b Dermatophyllum Scheele. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ^ a b Gandhi KN, Vincent MA, Reveal JL (2011). "Dermatophyllum, the correct name for Calia (Fabaceae)" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 2011 (57): 1–4. ISSN 2153-733X.
- ^ Heenan PB, Dawson MI, Wagstaff SJ (2004). "The relationship of Sophora sect. Edwardsia (Fabaceae) to Sophora tomentosa, the type species of the genus Sophora, observed from DNA sequence data and morphological characters". Bot J Linn Soc. 146 (4): 439–446. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00348.x.
- ^ Turner BL. (2012). "New names in Dermatophyllum (Fabaceae)" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 2012 (3): 1–4. ISSN 2153-733X.
- ^ James H. Howard (1957). "The Mescal Bean Cult of the Central and Southern Plains: An Ancestor of the Peyote Cult". American Anthropologist. 59 (1): 75–87. doi:10.1525/aa.1957.59.1.02a00070. JSTOR 666531.
- ^ Robert C. Fuller (2000). Stairways To Heaven: Drugs In American Religious History. Basic Books. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9780813366128.