EDGE species

It has been suggested that this article be merged into EDGE of Existence programme. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2024.

Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species are animal species which have a high 'EDGE score', a metric combining endangered conservation status with the genetic distinctiveness of the particular taxon. Distinctive species have few closely related species, and EDGE species are often the only surviving member of their genus or even higher taxonomic rank. The extinction of such species would therefore represent a disproportionate loss of unique evolutionary history and biodiversity. The EDGE logo is the echidna.^[1]

Some EDGE species, such as elephants and pandas, are well-known and already receive considerable conservation attention, but many others, such as the vaquita (the world's rarest cetacean)^[2] the bumblebee bat (arguably the world's smallest mammal) and the egg-laying long-beaked echidnas, are highly threatened yet remain poorly understood, and are frequently overlooked by existing conservation frameworks.^[3]

The Zoological Society of London launched the EDGE of Existence Programme in 2007 to raise awareness and funds for the conservation of these species. As of 2024, the programme has awarded fellows funds to help conserve 157 different species in 47 countries.^[1] The programme lists key supporters as the Fondation Franklinia, On the EDGE, and Darwin Initiative. Donors include the IUCN, US Fish and Wildlife Service, and numerous non-governmental organisations and foundations.^[4]

In 2024, researchers at the programme identified EDGE Zones that make up 0.7% of Earth's surface but are home to one-third of the world's four-legged EDGE species.^[5]

Some species are more distinct than others because they represent a larger amount of unique evolution. Species like the aardvark have few close relatives and have been evolving independently for many millions of years. Others like the domestic dog originated only recently and have many close relatives. Species uniqueness can be measured as an 'Evolutionary Distinctiveness' (ED) score, using a phylogeny, or evolutionary tree. ED scores are calculated relative to a clade of species descended from a common ancestor. The three clades for which the EDGE of Existence Programme has calculated scores are all classes, namely mammals, amphibians, and corals.

The phylogenetic tree has the most recent common ancestor at the root, all the current species as the leaves, and intermediate nodes at each point of branching divergence. The branches are divided into segments (between one node and another node, a leaf, or the root). Each segment is assigned an ED score defined as the timespan it covers (in millions of years) divided by the number of species at the end of the subtree it forms. The ED of a species is the sum of the ED of the segments connecting it to the root. Thus, a long branch which produces few species will have a high ED, as the corresponding species are relatively distinctive, with few close relatives. ED metrics are not exact, because of uncertainties in both the ordering of nodes and the length of segments.

GE is a number corresponding to a species' conservation status according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature with more endangered species having a higher GE:

The EDGE score of a species is derived from its scores for Evolutionary Distinctness (ED) and for Globally Endangered status (GE) as follows:

${\displaystyle {\text{EDGE}}=\ln(1+{\text{ED}})+{\text{GE}}\cdot \ln(2)=\ln[(1+{\text{ED}})\cdot 2^{\text{GE}}]}$

This means that a doubling in ED affects the EDGE score almost as much as increasing the threat level by one (e.g. from 'vulnerable' to 'endangered'). EDGE scores are an estimate of the expected loss of evolutionary history per unit time.

EDGE species are species which have an above average ED score and are threatened with extinction (critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable). There are currently 564 EDGE mammal species (≈12% of the total). Potential EDGE species are those with high ED scores but whose conservation status is unclear (data deficient or not evaluated).

Focal species are typically selected from the priority EDGE species —the top 100 amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles, top 50 sharks and rays, and top 25 corals— however, they also prioritise species outside these rankings. Such species can also have a very high ED but fall outside the top 100 EDGE rankings. These species are conserved by 'EDGE Fellows', who collect data on these species and develop conservation action plans.^[6] Fellows have previously collaborated with institutions like National Geographic and The Disney Conservation Fund.^[7][8]

Top 3 ranked species in each taxonomic group, as of September 2024:^[9]

1. Archey's frog
2. Chinese giant salamander
3. Purple frog

1. Plains-wanderer
2. Giant ibis
3. New Caledonian owlet-nightjar

1. Siderastrea glynni
2. Poritipora paliformis
3. Moseleya latistellata

1. Mountain pygmy possum
2. Aye-aye
3. Leadbeater's possum

1. Madagascar big-headed turtle
2. Central American river turtle
3. Pig-nosed turtle

1. Largetooth sawfish
2. Smalltooth sawfish and green sawfish (tie)

The species with an EDGE score of 20 or higher are the mountain pygmy possum (25.1) and aye-aye (20.1). Only mammals have and EDGE score of 8 or higher. The non-mammal species with the highest EDGE score is the largetooth sawfish (7.4). The species with the highest ED scores are the pig-nosed turtle (149.7) and the narrow sawfish (125.1). Examples of Critically Endangered species with very low ED scores are porites pukoensis, mountainous star coral, and the magenta petrel.^[9]

• EDGE of Existence website
• ZSL−Zoological Society of London website