Five Black Categories

The "Five Black Categories" (Chinese: 黑五类; pinyin: Hēiwǔlèi) were classifications of political identity and social status in Mao era (1949–1976) of the People's Republic of China, especially during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976); these categories include landlords, rich farmers, counter-revolutionaries, bad influencers and rightists.[1][2][3] People who were labelled as members of these five groups were discriminated against in society and were considered enemies of the Cultural Revolution, subject to constant persecution and even massacres.[1][2][3] Most members of the Five Black Categories were rehabilitated in the Boluan Fanzheng period after the Cultural Revolution.[4][5]

Definition

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The "Five Black Categories" were:[1][2][3]

Note that "right-wingers" or "rightists" were included as a "black category" starting from the Anti-rightist Campaign in 1957.[6] During the Cultural Revolution, the original five categories were expanded to nine categories, further including traitors, spies, capitalist roaders, and intellectuals ("Stinking Old Ninth").[7]

Conversely, Mao categorized groups of people, such as members of the Chinese Communist Party, poor farmers and low class workers, as Five Red Categories.[1][2] This new Red/Black class distinction was used to create a status society.

Cultural Revolution

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See also: Guangxi Massacre and Cultural_Revolution § Massacres
Bian Zhongyun was the first teacher (education worker) killed by Red Guards in Beijing during the Red August of 1966.

Starting from the "Red August" of 1966 in Beijing, members in the Five Black Categories were separated out for struggle sessions, humiliation, re-education, beating, and persecution.[2][8][9] Many of them were killed by the Red Guards and others.[3][8][10] Mao believed that victimizing these people, as well as other groups of citizens – such as teachers, educated intellectuals, and enemies of the Communist Party (cadres) – was a necessary component to initiate the changes in the Chinese culture that he desired. He believed that those who were victimized either deserved it or became better citizens as a result of it. In general, intellectuals were called the "Stinking Old Ninth". Effectively, within a few years, the education and medical infrastructure of China was completely destroyed.[11][12]

According to a speech by Jiang Qing, who was his wife and Party's senior leader, "If good people beat bad people, it serves them right; if bad people beat good people, the good people achieve glory; if good people beat good people, it is a misunderstanding; without beatings, you do not get acquainted and then no longer need to beat them" (Walder 149).

Members of the Black Classes were systematically discriminated against, as one's classification could affect employment opportunities and career prospects and even marriage opportunities. This could also be passed onto their children. Over time this resulted in a victimized underclass that was treated as if it were still composed of powerful and dominant people.[2][3][8][9][13]

Rehabilitation

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Majority of the members of the Five Black Categories were rehabilitated during the Boluan Fanzheng period after the Cultural Revolution.[4][5] Most "rightists" who had been persecuted since the Anti-rightist Campaign in 1957 were rehabilitated, except for around 100 "rightists" including Zhang Bojun, Luo Longji, Chu Anping and so on.[14] In addition to the "rightists", official statistics show that by 1984 around 4.4 million "landlords" and "rich farmers" had been rehabilitated, and a total of more than 20 million people who were labelled as members of the "four black categories" or their families had received rectification in their social status.[5]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Sorace, Christian; Franceschini, Ivan; Loubere, Nicholas (2019-05-21). Afterlives of Chinese Communism. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78873-476-9.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Jian, Guo; Song, Yongyi; Zhou, Yuan (2006-07-17). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6491-7.
  3. ^ a b c d e Song, Yongyi (2011-08-25). "Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)". Sciences Po. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  4. ^ a b Yang, Long (2023), Shuman, Amanda; Leese, Daniel (eds.), "Villagers, Cadres, and the Politics of Rehabilitation in Post-Mao China, 1979–1982", Justice After Mao: The Politics of Historical Truth in the People's Republic of China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 122–144, ISBN 978-1-009-26129-6, retrieved 2024-10-18
  5. ^ a b c Ye, Fanzi (2021-03-24). "十一届三中全会后的拨乱反正" [Boluan Fanzheng after the 3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]. China Youth Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2024-04-07. Retrieved 2024-10-18.
  6. ^ "四类人·七类分子·九种人·二十一种人". Sina (in Chinese). Southern Metropolis Daily. 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2024-10-18.
  7. ^ Wang, Laili (2003). "毛泽东的知识分子政策" [Mao Zedong's policy on intellectuals]. Modern China Studies (3). Archived from the original on 2019-06-21.
  8. ^ a b c Wang, Youqin (2001). "Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966" (PDF). The University of Chicago. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-17.
  9. ^ a b Gaskell, Ivan; Carter, Sarah Anne (2020-03-12). The Oxford Handbook of History and Material Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-934176-4.
  10. ^ "A Massacre in Daxing County During the Cultural Revolution". Chinese Law & Government. 14 (3): 70–71. 2014-12-07. doi:10.2753/CLG0009-4609140370.
  11. ^ Issues & Studies. Institute of International Relations, Republic of China. 1988.
  12. ^ Bonavia, David (1989). Deng. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-99952-7.
  13. ^ Margolin, Jean-Louis. "Mao’s China: The Worst Non-Genocidal Regime?." In The historiography of genocide, pp. 438-467. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2008, p.448
  14. ^ Vidal, Christine (2016). "The 1957-1958 Anti-Rightist Campaign in China: History and Memory (1978-2014)". Hal-SHS. Archived from the original on 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2019-11-28.

Further reading

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  • MacFarquhar, Roderick, John K. Fairbank, and Denis C. Twitchett, eds. "Mass Mobilization." The Cambridge History of China, Volume 15, The People's Republic Part 2. Revolutions within the Chinese Revolution, 1966–1982. 545. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Print.
  • WALDER, Andrew G. Fractured Rebellions: The Beijing Red Guard Movement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009. Print.
  • Yongyi, Song. "Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)." Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. 25 August 2011. Web. 31 March 2014.
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