Government Junta of Chile (1973)

Government Junta of Chile
Junta de Gobierno de Chile
1973–1990
Anthem: Himno Nacional de Chile
("National Anthem of Chile")
Chilean territory in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled territory in light green
Chilean territory in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled territory in light green
CapitalSantiagoa
Common languagesSpanish
Demonym(s)Chilean
GovernmentMilitary junta
Historical eraCold War
11 September 1973
11 March 1990
ISO 3166 codeCL
Today part ofRepublic of Chile

The Government Junta of Chile (Spanish: Junta Militar de Gobierno) was the military junta established to rule Chile during the military dictatorship that followed the overthrow of President Salvador Allende in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état.[1][2] The Government Junta was the executive and legislative branch of government until December 17, 1974, when Augusto Pinochet was formally declared President of Chile in late 1974.[3] After that date, it functioned strictly as a legislative body until the return to democracy in 1990.

Installation of the regime

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Main article: 1973 Chilean coup d'état
Signatures of members of the Government Junta, 1973

On September 11, 1973, the day of the coup, the military officers issued an Act of Constitution. The act established a junta government that immediately suspended the constitution, suspended Congress, imposed strict censorship and curfew, proscribed the leftist parties that had constituted Salvador Allende's Popular Unity coalition, and halted all political activity, effectively establishing a dictatorship.[4] The judicial branch continued to operate under the Junta, and nominally had jurisdiction over its repressive activities, but rarely interfered.

Session of the Government Junta in 1973: José Toribio Merino, Augusto Pinochet, Gustavo Leigh, and César Mendoza (from left to right)

The new junta was made up of General Augusto Pinochet representing the Army, General Gustavo Leigh representing the Air Force, Admiral José Toribio Merino representing the Navy, and General César Mendoza representing the Carabineros (police).

The Nixon administration, which had worked to create the conditions for the coup,[5][6][7] promptly recognized the junta government and supported it in consolidating power.[8]

History and leadership

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Once the Junta was in power, General Pinochet soon consolidated his control. Since he was the commander-in-chief of the oldest branch of the military forces (the Army), he was made the head of the military junta. This position was originally to be rotated among the four branches, but was later made permanent. He began by retaining sole chairmanship of the junta as "Supreme Chief of the Nation" from June 27, 1974 until December 17, 1974, when he was proclaimed President. Gustavo Leigh, commander of the Air Force, opposed the consolidation of the legislative and executive branches, but agreed to Pinochet's presidency under pressure from Merino and Mendoza, who warned that the junta would split otherwise if he did not sign on.[9]

General Leigh, head of the Air Force, became increasingly opposed to Pinochet's policies and the permanent state of military government. Pinochet eventually tired of Leigh's opposition and dismissed him from the regime in 1978, declaring him unfit for office and forcing him into retirement on July 24, 1978, in a very tense moment that almost caused a military insurrection.[10][11] Air Force General Fernando Matthei replaced Leigh as junta member.[12]

General Pinochet took over as President following a referendum that approved a new constitution. On March 11, 1981, he resigned his position in the Junta, and was replaced by the most senior General officer from the Army, who was nominated by himself. After that date, the Junta remained only as a legislative body under the presidency of Admiral Merino, until the return to democracy in 1990.

In 1985, three communists were found murdered, with their throats slit, by the side of a road.[13] The guilty party turned out to be the Carabineros' secret service, and the Caso Degollados ("case of the slit throats") caused General César Mendoza's resignation on August 2, 1985. Mendoza was replaced by General Rodolfo Stange. Stange, who had risen through the ranks of the Carabineros to become General Subdirector of the police force in 1982, was appointed to General Director and served ex officio as a member of the military junta. Stange continued serving as general director after Pinochet's dictatorship ended in 1990. At his death in 2023 Stange was the military junta's last surviving member; he also served as a senator after the return to democracy.

Political repression and human rights abuses

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See also: Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile and Operation Condor
Disappeared people in art at Parque por la Paz at Villa Grimaldi in Santiago de Chile

He shut down parliament, suffocated political life, banned trade unions, and made Chile his sultanate. His government disappeared 3,000 opponents, arrested 30,000 (torturing thousands of them) ... Pinochet's name will forever be linked to the Desaparecidos, the Caravan of Death, and the institutionalized torture that took place in the Villa Grimaldi complex.

— Thor Halvorssen, president of the Human Rights Foundation[14]

Immediately after the coup the junta moved to crush their left-wing opposition.[4] Besides pursuing revolutionary guerilla groups, the junta embarked on a campaign against political opponents and perceived leftists in the country, as well as family members of dissidents.[4] According to the Rettig Commission, 2,279 people who disappeared were killed for political reasons or by political violence, and 27,000 incarcerated, most of them for long periods of time, without trials and in special secluded facilities in remote locations. According to the 2004 Valech Report, approximately 32,000 people were tortured, and 1,312 officially exiled. Among the cases of torture were approximately 3,400 cases of sexual abuse of women.[15]

Many of the exiled were received abroad, in particular in Argentina, East Germany and Sweden, as political refugees; however, they were followed in their exile by the DINA secret police, in the frame of Operation Condor which linked South-American dictatorships together against political opponents. Intelligence agencies including the United States CIA worked to assassinate many of those in exile around the world, including former Chilean ambassador to the United States Orlando Letelier and former Chilean President Eduardo Frei Montalva (1964–70).

Members of the Government Junta from 1973 to 1978: César Mendoza, José Toribio Merino, Augusto Pinochet, and Gustavo Leigh (from left to right)
Members of the Government Junta in 1985: Rodolfo Stange, José Toribio Merino, Augusto Pinochet, Fernando Matthei, and César Benavides (from left to right). At this point, Pinochet was no longer officially a member of the Government Junta.

Leaders

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Representing Name Took office Left office
 Chilean Army Augusto Pinochet 11 September 1973 11 March 1981
César Benavides 11 March 1981 2 December 1985
Julio Canessa 2 December 1985 31 December 1986
Humberto Gordon 31 December 1986 29 November 1988
Santiago Sinclair 29 November 1988 2 January 1990
Jorge Lucar Figueroa 2 January 1990 11 March 1990
 Chilean Navy José Toribio Merino 11 September 1973 8 March 1990
Jorge Martínez Busch 8 March 1990 11 March 1990
 Chilean Air Force Gustavo Leigh 11 September 1973 24 July 1978
Fernando Matthei 24 July 1978 11 March 1990
Carabineros César Mendoza 11 September 1973 2 August 1985
Rodolfo Stange 2 August 1985 11 March 1990

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Controversial legacy of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet ...Gen. Augusto Pinochet, who overthrew Chile's democratically elected Communist government in a 1973 coup ..." Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Christian Science Monitor, 11 December 2006
  2. ^ "CHILE: The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream", Time Magazine, Quote: "....Allende's downfall had implications that reached far beyond the borders of Chile. His had been the first democratically elected Marxist government in Latin America..."
  3. ^ Arriagada Herrara, Genaro (1988). Pinochet: The Politics of Power. Allen & Unwin. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-04-497061-3.
  4. ^ a b c Stern, Steve J. (8 September 2004). Remembering Pinochet's Chile. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3354-8., Retrieved 24 October 2006 through Google Books.
  5. ^ Winn, Peter (2010). Grandin & Joseph, Greg & Gilbert (ed.). A Century of Revolution. Duke University Press. pp. 270–271.
  6. ^ Peter Kornbluh (11 September 2013). The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability. The New Press. ISBN 1595589120
  7. ^ Lubna Z. Qureshi. Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S. Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile. Lexington Books, 2009. ISBN 0739126563
  8. ^ Peter Kornbluh (19 September 2000). "CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet's Repression: Report to Congress Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile". Chile Documentation Project. National Security Archive. Archived from the original on 28 November 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2006.
  9. ^ Ensalaco, Mark. 2000. Chile Under Pinochet : Recovering the Truth. Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  10. ^ Barros, Robert. La Junta militar: Pinochet y la Constitución de 1980. Sudamericana, 2005.
  11. ^ Carmen Gardeweg: El general Leigh: pensamiento y sentimiento 48 horas después de ser destituido en 1978. La Segunda, 30 de septiembre de 1999, página 8.
  12. ^ 25 Chilean Soldiers Arrested in Burning of US Resident
  13. ^ S.A.P, El Mercurio (29 March 2006). "Bachelet sobre caso degollados: "Fue uno de los momentos más tristes de mi vida" | Emol.com". Emol (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  14. ^ Pinochet Is History: But how will it remember him? Archived 15 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine National Review Symposium, 11 December 2006
  15. ^ "THE SERIES OF REPARATIONS PROGRAMS IN CHILE" (PDF). Parliamentary Monitoring Group.
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