Leukotriene C4

Leukotriene C4
Names
Systematic IUPAC name
(5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-6-({(2R)-2-[(4S)-4-Amino-4-carboxybutanamido]-3-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-3-oxopropyl}sulfanyl)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.212.805 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 200-659-6
KEGG
MeSH Leukotriene+C4
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C30H47N3O9S/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-16-25(24(34)15-14-17-27(36)37)43-21-23(29(40)32-20-28(38)39)33-26(35)19-18-22(31)30(41)42/h6-7,9-13,16,22-25,34H,2-5,8,14-15,17-21,31H2,1H3,(H,32,40)(H,33,35)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H,41,42)/b7-6-,10-9-,12-11+,16-13+/t22-,23-,24-,25+/m0/s1 ☒N
    Key: GWNVDXQDILPJIG-NXOLIXFESA-N ☒N
  • InChI=1/C30H47N3O9S/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-16-25(24(34)15-14-17-27(36)37)43-21-23(29(40)32-20-28(38)39)33-26(35)19-18-22(31)30(41)42/h6-7,9-13,16,22-25,34H,2-5,8,14-15,17-21,31H2,1H3,(H,32,40)(H,33,35)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H,41,42)/b7-6-,10-9-,12-11+,16-13+/t22-,23-,24-,25+/m0/s1
    Key: GWNVDXQDILPJIG-NXOLIXFEBR
  • CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C=C\C=C\[C@H]([C@H](CCCC(=O)O)O)SC[C@@H](/C(=N/CC(=O)O)/O)/N=C(\CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)/O
Properties
C30H47N3O9S
Molar mass 625.78 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) is a leukotriene. LTC4 has been extensively studied in the context of allergy and asthma.[1][2] In cells of myeloid origin such as mast cells, its biosynthesis is orchestrated by translocation to the nuclear envelope along with co-localization of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) and LTC4 synthase (LTC4S), which couples glutathione to an LTA4 intermediate. The MRP1 transporter then secretes cytosolic LTC4 and cell surface proteases further metabolize it by sequential cleavage of the γ-glutamyl and glycine residues off its glutathione segment, generating the more stable products LTD4 and LTE4. All three leukotrienes then bind at different affinities to two G-protein coupled receptors: CYSLTR1 and CYSLTR2, triggering pulmonary vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction.[3]

In cells of non-haematopoietic lineage, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and chemotherapy induce LTC4 biosynthesis by transcriptionally upregulating and activating the enzyme microsomal glutathione-S-transferase 2 (MGST2). ER stress and chemotherapy also trigger nuclear translocation of the two LTC4 receptors. Acting in an intracrine manner, LTC4 then elicits nuclear translocation of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), ROS accumulation and oxidative DNA damage.[4] Besides being a potent lipid mediator in asthma and inflammation, LTC4 was reported to be involved in several other diseases, such as allergic airway diseases, dermatological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, liver injury, atherosclerosis and colon cancer.[5][6][7]

Eicosanoid synthesis. (Leukotrienes at right.)

References

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  1. ^ Jakobsson, Per-Johan; Mancini, Joseph A.; Ford-Hutchinson, Anthony W. (1996-09-06). "Identification and Characterization of a Novel Human Microsomal Glutathione S-Transferase with Leukotriene C4 Synthase Activity and Significant Sequence Identity to 5-Lipoxygenase-activating Protein and Leukotriene C4 Synthase". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (36): 22203–22210. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.36.22203. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8703034.
  2. ^ Di Gennaro, Antonio; Haeggström, Jesper Z. (2012-01-01). "The Leukotrienes: Immune-Modulating Lipid Mediators of Disease". In Alt, Frederick W. (ed.). Chapter Two - The Leukotrienes: Immune-Modulating Lipid Mediators of Disease. Advances in Immunology. Vol. 116. Academic Press. pp. 51–92. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394300-2.00002-8. ISBN 9780123943002. PMID 23063073.
  3. ^ Haeggström, Jesper Z.; Funk, Colin D. (2011-09-22). "Lipoxygenase and Leukotriene Pathways: Biochemistry, Biology, and Roles in Disease". Chemical Reviews. 111 (10): 5866–5898. doi:10.1021/cr200246d. PMID 21936577.
  4. ^ Dvash, Efrat; Har-Tal, Michal; Barak, Sara; Meir, Ofir; Rubinstein, Menachem (2015-12-11). "Leukotriene C4 is the major trigger of stress-induced oxidative DNA damage". Nature Communications. 6: 10112. Bibcode:2015NatCo...610112D. doi:10.1038/ncomms10112. PMC 4682057. PMID 26656251.
  5. ^ Ma, Kui-Fen; Yang, Hong-Yu; Chen, Zhe; Qi, Luo-Yang; Zhu, Dan-Yan; Lou, Yi-Jia (2008-05-07). "Enhanced expressions and activations of leukotriene C4 synthesis enzymes in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced rat fulminant hepatic failure model". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 14 (17): 2748–2756. doi:10.3748/wjg.14.2748. ISSN 1007-9327. PMC 2709038. PMID 18461660.
  6. ^ Rigas, B. (1993). "Altered eicosanoid levels in human colon cancer". J Lab Clin Med. 122 (5): 518–23. PMID 8228569.
  7. ^ Spanbroek, Rainer; Grabner, Rolf; Lotzer, Katharina; Hildner, Markus; Urbach, Anja; Ruhling, Katharina; Moos, Michael P. W.; Kaiser, Brigitte; Cohnert, Tina U. (2003-02-04). "Expanding expression of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway within the arterial wall during human atherogenesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (3): 1238–1243. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.1238S. doi:10.1073/pnas.242716099. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 298757. PMID 12552108.
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