List of parties to the Environmental Modification Convention

Participation in the Environmental Modification Convention
  Parties
  Only signed
  Non-signatory

The list of parties to the Environmental Modification Convention encompasses the states who have signed and ratified or acceded to the international agreement prohibiting military use of environmental modification techniques.

On May 18, 1977, the Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD) was opened for signature. North Yemen became the first state to deposit the treaty on 20 July 1977. The treaty came into force and closed for signature on October 5, 1978. Since then, states that did not sign the treaty can now only accede to it. The instrument of ratification, accession, or succession is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations

As of 2022, 78 states have ratified or acceded to the treaty, most recently the State of Palestine on 29 December 2017. A further 16 states have signed but not ratified the treaty.

As of March 2013 the third review conference had not been scheduled as there were under 10 respondents showing interest in reconvening.[1][2]

List of parties

[edit]
State[1][2][3] Signed Ratified or Acceded Method
Afghanistan Oct 22, 1985 Accession
Algeria Dec 19, 1991 Accession
Antigua and Barbuda Oct 25, 1988 Succession from United Kingdom
Argentina Mar 20, 1987 Accession
Armenia May 15, 2002 Accession
Australia May 31, 1978 Sep 7, 1984 Ratification
Austria Jan 17, 1990 Accession
Bangladesh Oct 3, 1979 Accession
Belarus May 18, 1977 Jun 7, 1978 Ratification as Byelorussian SSR
Belgium May 18, 1977 Jul 12, 1982 Ratification
Benin Jun 10, 1977 Jun 30, 1986 Ratification
Brazil Nov 9, 1977 Oct 12, 1984 Ratification
Bulgaria May 18, 1977 May 31, 1978 Ratification
Cameroon Apr 18, 2011 Accession
Canada May 18, 1977 Jun 11, 1981 Ratification
Cape Verde Oct 3, 1979 Accession
Chile Apr 26, 1994 Accession
China Jun 8, 2005 Accession
Costa Rica Feb 7, 1996 Accession
Cuba Sep 23, 1977 Apr 10, 1978 Ratification
Cyprus Oct 7, 1977 Apr 12, 1978 Ratification
Czech Republic Feb 22, 1993 Succession from Czechoslovakia
Signed 18 May 1977
Ratified 12 May 1978
Denmark May 18, 1977 Apr 19, 1978 Ratification
Dominica Nov 9, 1992[4] Succession from United Kingdom
Egypt Apr 1, 1982 Accession
Estonia Apr 14, 2011 Accession
Finland May 18, 1977 May 12, 1978 Ratification
Germany May 18, 1977 May 24, 1983 Ratification as West Germany
Also East Germany
Signed 18 May 1977
Ratified 25 May 1978
Ghana Mar 21, 1978 Jun 22, 1978 Ratification
Greece Aug 23, 1983 Accession
Guatemala Mar 21, 1988 Accession
Honduras Aug 16, 2010 Accession
Hungary May 18, 1977 Apr 19, 1978 Ratification
India Dec 15, 1977 Dec 15, 1978 Ratification
Ireland May 18, 1977 Dec 16, 1982 Ratification
Italy May 18, 1977 Nov 27, 1981 Ratification
Japan Jun 9, 1982 Accession
Kazakhstan Apr 25, 2005 Accession
Kuwait Jan 2, 1980 Accession
Kyrgyzstan Jun 15, 2015 Accession
Laos Apr 13, 1978 Oct 5, 1978 Ratification
Lithuania Apr 16, 2002 Accession
Malawi Oct 5, 1978 Accession
Mauritius Dec 9, 1992 Accession
Mongolia May 18, 1977 May 19, 1978 Ratification
Netherlands May 18, 1977 Apr 15, 1983 Ratification
New Zealand Sep 7, 1984 Accession,
includes Cook Islands
and Niue
Nicaragua Aug 11, 1977 Sep 6, 2007 Ratification
Niger Feb 17, 1993 Accession
North Korea Nov 8, 1984 Accession
Norway May 18, 1977 Feb 15, 1979 Ratification
Pakistan Feb 27, 1986 Accession
Palestine Dec 29, 2017 Accession
Panama May 13, 2003 Accession
Papua New Guinea Oct 28, 1980 Accession
Poland May 18, 1977 Jun 8, 1978 Ratification
Romania May 18, 1977 May 6, 1983 Ratification
Russia May 18, 1977 May 30, 1978 Ratification as Soviet Union
Saint Lucia May 27, 1993[5] Succession from United Kingdom
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Apr 27, 1999[6] Succession from United Kingdom
Sao Tome and Principe Oct 5, 1979 Accession
Slovakia May 28, 1993 Succession from Czechoslovakia
Signed 18 May 1977
Ratified 12 May 1978
Slovenia Apr 20, 2005 Accession
Solomon Islands Jun 19, 1981 Succession from United Kingdom
South Korea Dec 2, 1986 Accession
Spain May 18, 1977 Jul 19, 1978 Ratification
Sri Lanka Jun 8, 1977 Apr 25, 1978 Ratification
Sweden Apr 27, 1984 Accession
 Switzerland Aug 5, 1988 Accession
Tajikistan Oct 12, 1999 Accession
Tunisia May 11, 1978 May 11, 1978 Ratification
Ukraine May 18, 1977 Jun 13, 1978 Ratification as Ukrainian SSR
United Kingdom May 18, 1977 May 16, 1978 Ratification
United States May 18, 1977 Jan 17, 1980 Ratification
Uruguay Sep 16, 1993 Accession
Uzbekistan May 26, 1993 Accession
Vietnam Aug 26, 1980 Accession
Yemen May 18, 1977 Jul 20, 1977 Ratification as North Yemen
South Yemen also acceded 12 June 1979 prior to Yemeni unification.

States that have signed but not ratified

[edit]
State[1][2][3] Signed
Bolivia May 18, 1977
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Signed as Zaire 		Feb 28, 1978
Ethiopia May 18, 1977
Holy See May 27, 1977
Iceland May 18, 1977
Iran May 18, 1977
Iraq Aug 15, 1977
Lebanon May 18, 1977
Liberia May 18, 1977
Luxembourg May 18, 1977
Morocco May 18, 1977
Portugal May 18, 1977
Sierra Leone Apr 12, 1978
Syria Aug 4, 1977
Turkey May 18, 1977
Uganda May 18, 1977

States that have not signed

[edit]

101 UN member states have never signed the treaty.

The Cook Islands and Niue, two associated states of New Zealand which have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognised by United Nations Secretariat,[7] are not parties to the treaty but are bound by its provisions by virtue of their administration by New Zealand when the latter ratified the ENMOD convention.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques". United Nations Treaty Series. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  2. ^ a b c "Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD)". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  3. ^ a b "Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  4. ^ The U.S. Department of State lists Dominica as giving notice that it would continue to be bound by the treaty on 8 November 1978.
  5. ^ The U.S. Department of State lists Saint Lucia as giving notice that it would continue to be bound by the treaty on 22 February 1979.
  6. ^ The U.S. Department of State lists Saint Vincent and The Grenadines as giving notice that it would continue to be bound by the treaty on 27 October 1979.
  7. ^ "Organs Supplement", Repertory of Practice (PDF), UN, p. 10, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-03
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