Metchley Fort

Metchley Fort
The site of the praetentura, pictured here in 2009
Founded during the reign of	Claudius
Founded	c. AD 48
Abandoned	c. AD 200
Place in the Roman world
Province	Britannia
Directly connected to	Icknield Street
Structure
— Second fort structure —
Built during the reign of	Domitian
Built	AD 90
— Timber structure —
Built during the reign of	Claudius
Built	c. AD 48
Stationed military units
— Legions —
Legio XIV Gemina and Legio XX Valeria Victrix
Events	Boudican revolt (possibly)
Location
Coordinates	52°27′01″N 1°56′17″W / 52.4504°N 1.938°W / 52.4504; -1.938
Place name	Metchley
Town	Birmingham
County	West Midlands
Country	England
Reference
UK-OSNG reference	SN643564
Site notes
Discovery year	c. 1781
Condition	Earthworks, crop marks and ditches
Controlled by	Scheduled Monument (SAM: CD129)
Excavation dates	1934-present
Archaeologists	Mick Aston

Metchley Fort was a Roman fort in what is now Birmingham, England.^[1] It was built across four phases using a north-to-south plan.

It lies on the course of a Roman road, Icknield Street, which is now the site of the present Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the University of Birmingham in Edgbaston. The fort was constructed on the orders of Publius Ostorius Scapula soon after the Roman invasion of Britain, roughly in AD 48.^[2] The fort was around 200 square metres (2,153 sq ft) in area and was defended by a turf and earth bank with a timber wall, towers and double ditches.^[3] Within the fort were timber buildings including barrack blocks, a granary, a workshop and a store. In AD 60 or 61, Metchley Fort may have been involved in the Boudican Revolt, and in AD 70, the fort was abandoned, only to be reoccupied around AD 90, when another fort, half the size of the original, was built on the same site, before being abandoned again in AD 120. It would have then likely been in sporadic use as a training camp up until its complete abandonment by c. AD 200.

Remains have also been found of a civilian settlement, or vicus alongside the fort. It consisted of timber buildings and yards alongside a road leading from the fort's west gate, and was occupied for just a few years, when the fort was at its largest.^[3]

The fort was extended on three sides by the addition of defended annexes, which were used for tethering horses, storage and small-scale industrial activity such as ironworking. Later, the fort's buildings were replaced by other structures including compounds which suggest that it was now being used as a stores depot.^[3]

A hunting lodge was present on the site of Metchley Fort as early as the 16th century, likely near the retentura and latera praetorii. It was eventually demolished around 1781 when the earthworks of the fort were first identified.

The remains were first identified around 1781 by William Hutton (he published his findings on Metchley Fort in his History of Birmingham),^[4] although there were conflicting opinions on the origins of the earthworks - the common consensus at the time agreed that the fort was Norse in origin.^[4] The fort was confirmed to date to the 1st and 2nd century AD in excavations that took place in the 1930s, starting in 1934, when the University of Birmingham Medical School was constructed. Further excavations took place in the 1940s and 1950s.^[1] On 28 September 1953 the Lord Mayor of Birmingham, G. H. W. Griffith, opened the newly restored north-west corner of the fort. The reconstruction of the corner did not last long, however, as it was later destroyed by vandals before 1956.^[5] More extensive excavations took place in the 1960s which uncovered various timber buildings within the fort. Mick Aston, who later became well-known on the TV programme Time Team, worked on the Metchley excavations in the late 1960s. Discoveries from excavations in the early 2000s included ovens and hearths, timber gateways, roads, the headquarters building, vessels from the Severn Valley and the Malvern Hills, and tableware from France.^[1]

The remains of the fort are one of thirteen Scheduled monuments in Birmingham.^[6]

• 
  Site of the north-western gate and the main street entering the fort; from the first fort, constructed circa AD 48 and pictured here in 2023
• 
  Site of a via decumana, a rear road into the fort, pictured here in 2023
• 
  Site of the retentura of the fort, overlooking the vicus and ditch, pictured here in 2023
• 
  Site of the praetentura of the fort, pictured here in 2023
• 
  View of the site of Metchley Fort from the approximate centre of the fort, pictured in 2019. The position of a Roman street through the fort has been marked by the two lines of yellow bricks in the pavement. This street ran between the north-west gate and the south-east gate.