M1128 mobile gun system

"M1128" redirects here. For the artillery round, see M1128 projectile.
M1128 mobile gun system
A M1128 mobile gun system during a training exercise in 2015
TypeAssault gun
Armored fighting vehicle
Place of originCanada and the United States
Service history
WarsIraq War[1]
War in Afghanistan
Production history
DesignerGM Defense of Canada, General Dynamics Land Systems
ManufacturerGeneral Dynamics Land Systems[2]
Unit costUS$5.26 million (2008)
Produced2002–2010
No. built142[2]
Specifications
Mass18.77 metric tons (20.69 short tons; 18.47 long tons)
Length6.95 m (22.92 ft)
Width2.72 m (8.97 ft)
Height>2.64 m (>8.72 ft)[3]
Crew3
Armor14.5x114 mm resistant[4]
Main
armament
M68A2 105 mm cannon[5]
Secondary
armament
7.62 mm machine gun; M240C coaxial machine gun; 2, M6 smoke grenade launchers
EngineCaterpillar C7 turbo diesel
260 kW (350 hp)
Power/weight18.65 hp/ton
TransmissionAutomatic 6 forward, 1 reverse
Suspension8×8 wheeled
Ground clearance38 cm (15 in)
Fuel capacity212 liters (56 US gallons; 47 Imperial gallons)
Operational
range
528 km (330 mi)
Maximum speed 96 km/h (60 mph)

The M1128 mobile gun system (MGS) is an eight-wheeled assault gun of the Stryker family, mounting a 105 mm tank gun, based on the Canadian LAV III light-armored vehicle manufactured by General Dynamics Land Systems for the U.S. Army.

The MGS program emerged after the 1996 cancelation of the Army's M8 armored gun system, the service's planned replacement for the M551 Sheridan light tank.

The MGS was procured in limited numbers. It has been retired since the end of 2022 due to design and operational deficiencies.[6]

History

[edit]
General Motors/GDLS–Canada LAV III mobile gun system entry in the platform performance demonstration at Fort Knox c. March 2000
A mobile gun system and other Strykers shortly before being flown into Afghanistan in 2008

Background: replacing the Sheridan

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Main article: M551 Sheridan replacement process

By 1992, the armored gun system (AGS) emerged as a top priority procurement program for the Army.[7] The Army requested proposals for a 20-ton air-droppable light tank to replace the M551 Sheridan. The Army sought 300 AGS systems to go to the 82nd Airborne Division and the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment. Four competitive bids emerged.[8] In June 1992, the Army selected the FMC Close Combat Vehicle, Light proposal.[9] This was later type-classified as the M8 armored gun system. In 1996, the Army canceled the AGS due to the service's budgetary constraints.[10]

Following the end of the Cold War some theorists believed that the existing suite of U.S. armored vehicles, designed largely to fight Soviet mechanized forces in Europe, were not well suited to the lower-intensity missions U.S. military would be tasked with.[citation needed] This led to the development of a new armored fighting vehicle designed for lower-intensity combat, rather than large-scale battle.[11]

Interim armored vehicle competition

[edit]
Main article: Interim Armored Vehicle

The General Dynamics mobile gun system originated from the Canadian armoured combat vehicle requirement.[12] In partnership with General Motors, General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS)–Canada integrated its low profile turret (LPT) onto a LAV III in January 1999.[13] The turret was an updated version of the one used on the GD–Teledyne Expeditionary Tank, which was entered into the Armored Gun System competition in the 1980s.[14]

In October 1999, U.S. Army Chief of Staff Eric Shinseki laid out his vision for a lighter, more transportable force. He called for mid-weight brigades that would strike a balance between heavy armor and infantry.[15] The Army subsequently launched the Interim Armored Vehicle acquisition program. One of the required vehicles was the MGS. According to Shinseki, the MGS's mission differed greatly from the AGS. the AGS was also intended to be used in the anti-armor role, whereas primary targets for the MGS included bunkers, buildings, weapon positions and troops.[16]

A team of GM Defense of Canada and GDLS submitted a variant of the LPT assault gun to meet the MGS requirement. General Dynamics was responsible for most of the MGS.[12][clarification needed] United Defense LP proposed an M8 armored gun system (AGS) and two variants of the mobile tactical vehicle light (MTVL), one with the AGS turret and 105mm gun, and another with a 90mm gun.[17] Two other competing contractors submitted bids for infantry carriers, but declined to submit offers for the MGS requirement.[18]

Unlike the infantry carrier variant, MGS prototypes were not evaluated on the Army's proving grounds. This resulted in protests from lawmakers and industry officials. The service maintained that bid samples would be unnecessary and complicate the competition.[19]

In September 2000, the Army told bidders it was considering plans to increase by 200 the number of MGS units purchased. Though the service did not say why it was interested in more MGS units, however Defense Daily speculated that the Army could equip light divisions with the MGS.[20]

In November 2000, GM–GDLS won the contract for both the infantry carrier and MGS. The MGS was later type classified as the M1128.[21][22] GM–GDLS was forced to suspend work on the IAV while the Government Accounting Office evaluated UDLP's protest of the award. GAO denied the protest in April 2001.[23]

Further development and initial production

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Soon after the contract was awarded, the MGS IOC date slipped two years from December 2001 to November 2003. The Army allowed GM–GDLS to substitute the Stryker ATGM variant for the MGS in the interim. In its protest, UDLP alleged that the Army had known about the schedule slippage before awarding the contract, and unfairly disregarded this in their decision making.[24]

GDLS delivered the first of eight pre-production mobile gun systems in July 2002.[5]

In March 2004, the Army approved the transfer of four AGS production vehicles to the 82nd Airborne Division to be used in Iraq. In June 2004, this plan was put on hold while the Army determined whether the MGS could meet the 82nd's requirements.[25] In August, the Army conducted an air-drop test of a Stryker M1132 engineer squad vehicle weighted to simulate the load of the MGS. Around the same time, the Army identified issues with the air-dropability of the MGS, among the heavier of the Stryker family. Still more pervasive problems persisted with the autoloader.[26] In January 2005, the Army said it had ruled out fielding the AGS, saying the system lacked a sufficient inventory of spare parts that would be required to maintain the vehicle. The Army doubled down on its support for the MGS, which it said it could begin fielding in summer 2006.[27]

In October 2004, the Pentagon approved limited low-rate production of the MGS after a Defense Acquisition Board review.[28] In December 2004, the Army awarded GDLS a $206 million contract for the production of 95 Strykers, including the first 14 limited production MGS systems.[29] During limited production, 14 vehicles were produced. During this time, General Dynamics implemented fixes to the ammunition handling system to improve reliability. In November 2004, the Pentagon approved an Army request to move the vehicle into low-rate production, for a total of 72 vehicles.[28] In August 2008, the Army awarded GDLS a $326.5 million contract for the production of 62 MGS.[30]

In February 2008, the Pentagon approved full-rate production of the MGS after a Defense Acquisition Review.[31] The Army chose to defer full-rate production while it waited to validate fixes made to the MGS.[32] The Army deferred full-rate production in 2010.[33][34]

In 2010, GDLS began incorporating explosive reactive armor on MGS production units.[5]

In late 2013, the U.S. Army began seeking to reintroduce an airdroppable mobile airborne protected firepower platform to provide fire support for air assault forces, a capability that had been absent since the retirement of the Sheridan in 1997. General Dynamics initially considered modifying the wheeled Stryker MGS to meet the Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF) program requirement,[35][36] but the company instead entered a variant of the Griffin light tank.[37]

As of May 2016, 3 mobile gun systems had been written off during combat operations out of 142 produced.[5]

Retirement

[edit]
M1128 mobile gun system at the U.S. Army Armor and Cavalry Collection at Fort Moore (formerly Fort Benning) in 2023

In May 2021, the Army announced they would divest all mobile gun systems by the end of 2022. The decision was made following an analysis that found its autoloader had become expensive to maintain and that the M1128 had not been upgraded with a double V-hull. It was more efficient to eliminate the platform and focus on firepower improvements such as equipping Strykers with 30 mm cannons (M1296 Dragoon) and CROWS-J mounts, providing better distributed lethality capabilities that will not be lost from removing the MGS.[6][38]

Foreign interest

[edit]

Canada had liquidated about half of its fleet of Leopard 1 main battle tanks in the early 2000s.[39] The Canadian Army planned to replace the MBTs with 66 mobile gun systems. However in 2007, the Canadian Army reversed itself and decided instead to procure Leopard 2.[5]

Combat use

[edit]

The Stryker mobile gun system saw service in the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan.[5]

Design

[edit]

Armor and protection

[edit]

The MGS has integral all-around armor protection against 14.5×114mm AP rounds.[40]

The MGS commander and gunner are located in the turret basket, which provides the crew some separation from the ammunition in the event of an explosion. According to a Government Accounting Office report released in May 2001, the Army had expressed doubt that this arrangement would provide "any protection from secondary explosions and fires from the main gun ammunition."[40]

Firepower

[edit]
Autoloader
A mobile gun system firing

The MGS's low profile turret has a small silhouette, is stabilized and mounts a 105mm M68A1E4 rifled cannon with a fume extractor and an autoloader. The vehicle is primarily outfitted to support infantry combat operations. While it could take on some of the roles of a tank, it is not primarily intended or designed to engage in combat with main battle tanks.[41]

The MGS can store 18 rounds of main gun ammunition: 8 in the autoloader's carousel and 10 in a replenisher located at the rear of the vehicle.[42] It has a rate of fire of ten rounds per minute.[43]

The MGS was originally developed for the Canadian Army, which did not have a requirement for transporting the vehicle via C-130. The U.S. Army did have this requirement, and so a design change was required to lower the MGS's height so that the vehicle could fit inside the aircraft. The turret was lowered within the hull.[44] This change caused problems of its own. The reduced distance between the muzzle brake and the hull caused blast overpressures to develop. A solution was found where the "pepper pot" could be covered by a sheet of metal.[45]

The MGS's 105 mm cannon can fire four types of ammunition: the M900 kinetic energy penetrator to destroy armored vehicles; the M456A2 high-explosive anti-tank round to destroy thin-skinned vehicles and provide anti-personnel fragmentation; the M393A3 high-explosive squash head plastic round to destroy bunkers, machine gun and sniper positions, and create openings in walls for infantry to access; and M1040 canister shot for use against dismounted infantry in open terrain.[46][47]

In 2001, Rheinmetall announced that it was seeking to incorporate its 105 mm smoothbore low recoil gun on the MGS around 2004. The Army had not articulated such a requirement.[48]

By 2000, the Army found its existing ammunition stockpile of 105 mm rounds to be in poor condition, with more than half determined to be either unusable or obsolete. The Army solicited industry to produce new ammunition to replenish the stockpile.[17] L3 Communications completed low rate production of M393 high-explosive plastic HEP-T and M467 training rounds in 2004. 10,000 combat and 18,400 training rounds were ultimately produced by L3.[5]

Secondary armament

[edit]

The coaxial weapon is an 7.62 mm caliber M240 machine gun. The commander's weapon is a M2 Browning 12.7 mm machine gun or a 40 mm Mk 19 grenade launcher can be mounted.[5]

Differential attributes and failures

[edit]

Because the vehicle was originally designed without air conditioning (A/C), crews were given cooling vests that circulate cooled water from outside the vehicle to the garment. Vehicle computers still overheated regularly. All MGS Stryker platforms have since been upgraded with A/C units.[49] The large weapon station and relatively smaller hatch can make emergency exits difficult.[1]

The main cannon is separate from the crew compartment. A gun stoppage during combat can be cleared only by exiting the vehicle.[citation needed]

M1128 suffered of lack of reliability, excessive dead space, gun size, and gun control issues, taking its development to a limited production in 2010 with 142 units in service.[50]

Organization

[edit]
US Army soldiers with M1128 MGS variant Strykers using combined arms doctrine for a modern warfare operation during the War in Afghanistan, 2013

As originally projected the U.S. Army allocated nine mobile gun systems (3 per infantry company) to a battalion,[1] making for 27 mobile gun systems per "Stryker brigade" in 2013, but later the Army cut the number per brigade to 10.[35]

As of May 2017, a Stryker brigade combat team is equipped with three platoons of MGS Strykers and three platoons of ATGM Strykers in its weapons troop.[51]

The Army purchased 142 mobile gun systems in total.[52] Three were lost in combat. The Army planned to authorize 32 mobile gun systems to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team (BCT). However due to the low numbers produced, only nine were allocated to a BCT.[5]

A four-vehicle MGS platoon operates organic to a Stryker infantry company, with one MGS in support of a Stryker infantry platoon.[53]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Cox, Matthew (4 February 2008). "Mobile Gun System brings the heat in Iraq". ArmyTimes. Gannett Government Media Corporation. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  2. ^ a b Green, Michael (22 November 2016). American Wheeled Armoured Fighting Vehicles. South Yorkshire, United Kingdom: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. p. 192. ISBN 978-1473854369. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  3. ^ "Equipment: Mobile Gun System vs. Leopard tank". cbc.ca.
  4. ^ "Army Fact File – Stryker". Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Foss, Christopher F. (2017). Jane's Land Warfare Platforms: Armoured Fighting Vehicles 2017-2018. Surrey: Janes Information Group. pp. 269–271. ISBN 978-0-71063-227-2.
  6. ^ a b The Army Is Ditching All of Its Stryker Mobile Gun Systems. Military.com. 12 May 2021.
  7. ^ Richard, Lardner (2 March 1992). "Service Emphasizes Lighter Forces: in New World, Armored Gun System Ranks as Army's Top Procurement Priority". Inside the Pentagon. Vol. 8, no. 11. Inside Washington Publishers. pp. 1, 11–13. JSTOR 43987842. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  8. ^ "The Contenders: Four Teams Compete for Armored Gun System Contract". Inside the Pentagon. Vol. 8, no. 11. Inside Washington Publishers. 12 March 1992. p. 12. JSTOR 43987850. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  9. ^ "Fmc Selected to Build Armored Gun System: Army's Ags to Feature All-welded Aluminum Hull, Detroit Diesel Engine". Inside the Pentagon. Vol. 8, no. 24. Inside Washington Publishers. 11 June 1992. p. 13. JSTOR 43988110. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  10. ^ Sherman, Jason (12 February 1996). "Service Still Seeking OSD Support: Army's Decision to Terminate AGS Meets Stiff Resistance on Capitol Hill". Inside the Army. Vol. 8, no. 6. Inside Washington Publishers. pp. 1, 9–10. JSTOR 43982648.
  11. ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (2012-09-20). Stryker Combat Vehicles. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-490-5.
  12. ^ a b Baumgardner, Neil (1 September 2000). "General Motors Trumpets General Dynamics Deal For Meeting IAV Requirements". Defense Daily. Vol. 207, no. 44. Access Intelligence. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  13. ^ Foss, Christopher F., ed. (2011). "Reconnaissance Vehicles". Jane's Armour and Artillery 2011–2012 (32nd ed.). Surrey: Janes Information Group. pp. 219–221. ISBN 978-0-71062-960-9.
  14. ^ Baumgardner, Neil (22 November 2022). "Competitors Line Up for Medium Armored Vehicle". Defense Daily. Vol. 204, no. 35. Access Intelligence. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  15. ^ MacRae, Catherine (14 October 1999). "Service Wants to Be Lighter, Faster, More Lethal: Army Chief of Staff's 'vision' Is Focused on Medium-weight Force". Inside the Army. Vol. 15, no. 41. Inside Washington Publishers. p. 6. JSTOR 43995956. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  16. ^ United States Congress House Committee on Armed Services (2001). Hearings on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001--H.R. 4205 and Oversight of Previously Authorized Programs, Before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Second Session: Full Committee Hearings on Authorization and Oversight, Hearings Held February 9, 10, 17, March 15, 22, and 23, 2000. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 755. ISBN 978-0-16-065653-8. Retrieved 17 August 2023.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  17. ^ a b Burger, Kim (4 December 2000). "Stockpile May Not Be Suitable for New Lav III: Army Preparing to Procure 105 mm Ammunition for New Gun System". Inside the Army. Vol. 12, no. 48. Inside Washington Publishers. pp. 13–14. JSTOR 43985160. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  18. ^ Burger, Kim (9 October 2000). "Iav Source Selection May Come This Week: Chosen Vehicle Less Important Than New Concept, Observers Say". Inside the Army. Vol. 12, no. 40. Inside Washington Publishers. pp. 7–9. JSTOR 43985072. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  19. ^ Burger, Kim (29 May 2000). "Aberdeen Event Called a 'dipstick Check' Army Prepares for Iav Bid Sample Tests, Assures Controlled Setting". Inside the Army. Vol. 12, no. 21. Inside Washington Publishers. pp. 1, 12. JSTOR 43984790. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  20. ^ Baumgardner, Neil (29 September 2000). "Army Interested In Possible Buy Of 200 Additional Mobile Gun Systems". Defense Daily. Vol. 207, no. 63. Access Intelligence. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  21. ^ Burger, Kim (20 November 2000). "LAV Variants Will Require Some Development: Testing of New Interim Vehicle May Upset Army's Fielding Schedule". Inside the Army. Vol. 12, no. 46. Inside Washington Publishers. pp. 1, 6–7. JSTOR 43985129. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  22. ^ "M8 Armored Gun System - Archived 3/2004". www.forecastinternational.com. Forecast International. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  23. ^ Winograd, Erin Q. (7 May 2001). "GAO Releases Redacted Decision: UDLP Won't Pursue Further Action to Overturn Army's IAV Decision". Inside the Army. Vol. 13, no. 18. Inside Washington Publishers. JSTOR 43985396. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  24. ^ Burger, Kim (15 January 2001). "In-lieu-of Vehicle Helped Gm-gdls Win, Company Says: Udlp Offers Additional Evidence of Army Bias in Favor of Lav III". Inside the Army. Inside Washington Publishers. pp. 1, 6–7. JSTOR 43984265. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  25. ^ "GDLS given $500,000 to pursue air-drop test: Army to Delay Armored Gun System Delivery Until MGS Tests Complete". Inside Defense - Inside the Army. Vol. 16, no. 23. 7 June 2004. JSTOR 24822615. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  26. ^ "Cody: Answer Could Lie Outside Army: Army Re-evaluates Airborne Division's Request for Ags-like Platform". Inside Defense - Inside the Army. Vol. 16, no. 44. 1 November 2004. JSTOR 24821748. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  27. ^ "Rep. Hayes Dissatisfied With Response to Query on Ags: Army Still Backing Stryker Mgs to Fill Year-old Request for Firepower". Inside Defense -Inside the Army. Vol. 17, no. 6. 14 February 2005. JSTOR 24823120. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  28. ^ a b DiMascio, Jen (14 November 2005). "GD to Manufacture Three MGSs this Month: Krieg Allows Mobile Gun System to Move Into Low-Rate Production". Inside the Army. Vol. 17, no. 45. Inside Washington Publishers. JSTOR 24823189. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  29. ^ Plummer, Anne (6 December 2004). "Army Puts in First Order for Mobile Gun System, NBCRV Strykers". Inside the Army. Vol. 16, no. 49. Inside Washington Publishers. JSTOR 24824342. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  30. ^ Censer, Marjorie (8 September 2008). "House Panel Cuts Funds, Raps 'Lack of Urgency': Stryker Officials to Lay Out Mobile Gun System Options at CSB Review". Inside the Army. pp. 1, 8–9. JSTOR 24827234. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  31. ^ Censer, Marjorie (25 February 2008). "Now Awaiting Army Secretary Certification: DoD Approves Stryker Mobile Gun System for Full-rate Production". Inside the Army. Vol. 20, no. 8. Inside Washington Publishers. pp. 1, 9. JSTOR 24826412. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  32. ^ Marjorie, Censer (24 August 2009). "Service to Wait for Validated Fixes: Army Defers Spending Fy-09 Funds on Stryker Mobile Gun System". Inside the Army. Vol. 21, no. 33. Inside Washington Publishers. pp. 1, 8–9. JSTOR 24830977. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  33. ^ "Stryker Mobile Gun System (MGS)" (PDF). Director Operational Test and Evaluation. pp. 119–120. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  34. ^ Brannen, Kate. "AUSA: U.S. Army Plans Post-War Management of Stryker Fleet." Defense News. February 23, 2012.
  35. ^ a b Cox, Matthew (20 September 2013). "Army Looks to Mount 30mm Cannons on Strykers". Military.com. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  36. ^ U.S. Army in the Market for ‘Light’ Tanks Archived 2016-01-19 at the Wayback Machine - Nationaldefensemagazine.org, 7 October 2013
  37. ^ Trevithick, Joseph (28 June 2022). "The Army Just Selected Its First Light Tank In Decades". The War Zone. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  38. ^ US Army scraps Stryker mobile gun systems in favor of new lethality upgrades. Defense News. 12 May 2021.
  39. ^ Major Howard Mark Anthony, Close Combat Vehicle and Leopard 2 Main Battle Tank: Back in the Heavyweight Fight, Canadian Forces College, pg 13, Footnote 21, https://www.cfc.forces.gc.ca/259/290/298/286/anthony.pdf Accessed 2019-11-17
  40. ^ a b "United Defense Decides Against Taking IAV Protest To Court". Defense Daily. Vol. 210, no. 23. Access Intelligence. 2 May 2001. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  41. ^ "Stryker mobile gun system replenisher". Meggitt Defense. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  42. ^ "Stryker mobile gun system replenisher". Meggitt Defense. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  43. ^ Ogg, David (2001-06-18). "The Road To The Objective Force "Armaments for the Army Transformation"" (PDF). Firepower Symposium: 32. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2020.
  44. ^ Baumgardner, Neil (14 April 2000). "United Defense Disappointed by Cancellation of IAV Mobile Gun System Vehicle Evaluation". Defense Daily. Vol. 206, no. 10. Access Intelligence. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  45. ^ Plummer, Anne (21 July 2003). "Lowered Turret Complicates Design: After Brief Hiatus, Army Resumes Stryker Mobile Gun System Testing". Inside the Army. Vol. 15, no. 29. JSTOR 24820277. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  46. ^ M1128 Stryker mobile gun system – Globalsecurity.org
  47. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  48. ^ "Rheinmetall Offers 105mm Smoothbore Gun For Mobile Gun System Upgrade". Defense Daily. Vol. 212, no. 21. Access Intelligence. 30 October 2001. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  49. ^ "PM (Preventive Maintenance) Keeps Strykers Combat Ready!" (PDF). Logistics Support Activity. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  50. ^ Green, Michael (2016-10-31). American Wheeled Armoured Fighting Vehicles. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-5436-9.
  51. ^ "Stryker Brigade Combat Team Weapons Troop" (PDF). Army Publishing Directorate. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  52. ^ Uparmored Bradley Could Be Tough Enough For AMPV: Testers - Breakingdefense.com, 29 January 2014
  53. ^ Stryker Mobile Gun System (MGS) Archived 2014-10-19 at the Wayback Machine – Office of the Director, Operational Test & Evaluation. 2013
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