PSMC6

PSMC6
Identifiers
Aliases	PSMC6, CADP44, HEL-S-73, P44, SUG2, p42, proteasome 26S subunit, ATPase 6, RPT5
External IDs	OMIM: 602708; MGI: 1914339; HomoloGene: 100630; GeneCards: PSMC6; OMA:PSMC6 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 14 (human)[1] Band 14q22.1 Start 52,707,178 bp[1] End 52,728,590 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 14 (mouse)[2] Band 14|14 C1 Start 45,567,245 bp[2] End 45,587,162 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in buccal mucosa cell palpebral conjunctiva epithelium of nasopharynx amniotic fluid tibia germinal epithelium visceral pleura parietal pleura mucosa of paranasal sinus oral cavity Top expressed in atrioventricular valve mandibular prominence maxillary prominence abdominal wall otic placode olfactory epithelium extensor digitorum longus muscle plantaris muscle medial ganglionic eminence epiblast More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function nucleotide binding protein-macromolecule adaptor activity ATPase activity protein binding TBP-class protein binding ATP binding hydrolase activity identical protein binding proteasome-activating activity Cellular component cytoplasm nuclear proteasome complex cytosol proteasome regulatory particle, base subcomplex membrane proteasome accessory complex nucleoplasm cytosolic proteasome complex proteasome complex extracellular exosome nucleus Biological process positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process regulation of mRNA stability positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway protein polyubiquitination stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway MAPK cascade Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway protein catabolic process NIK/NF-kappaB signaling ubiquitin-dependent ERAD pathway anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process T cell receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway positive regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process negative regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle protein deubiquitination SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process transmembrane transport regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia post-translational protein modification regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 5706 67089 Ensembl ENSG00000100519 ENSMUSG00000021832 UniProt P62333 P62334 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_002806 NM_001366414 NM_025959 RefSeq (protein) NP_002797 NP_001353343 NP_080235 Location (UCSC) Chr 14: 52.71 – 52.73 Mb Chr 14: 45.57 – 45.59 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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26S protease regulatory subunit S10B, also known as 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit Rpt4, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PSMC6 gene.^[5][6][7] This protein is one of the 19 essential subunits of a complete assembled 19S proteasome complex^[8] Six 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunits (Rpt1, Rpt2, Rpt3, Rpt4 (this protein), Rpt5, and Rpt6) together with four non-ATPase subunits (Rpn1, Rpn2, Rpn10, and Rpn13) form the base sub complex of 19S regulatory particle for proteasome complex.^[8]

The gene PSMC6 encodes one of the ATPase subunits, a member of the triple-A family of ATPases which have a chaperone-like activity. Pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 8 and 12.^[7] The human gene PSMC6 has 15 exons and locates at chromosome band 14q22.1.

The human protein 26S protease regulatory subunit S10B is 44kDa in size and composed of 389 amino acids. The calculated theoretical pI of this protein is 7.09.^[9]

26S proteasome complex is usually consisted of a 20S core particle (CP, or 20S proteasome) and one or two 19S regulatory particles (RP, or 19S proteasome) on either one side or both side of the barrel-shaped 20S. The CP and RPs pertain distinct structural characteristics and biological functions. In brief, 20S sub complex presents three types proteolytic activities, including caspase-like, trypsin-like, and chymotrypsin-like activities. These proteolytic active sites located in the inner side of a chamber formed by 4 stacked rings of 20S subunits, preventing random protein-enzyme encounter and uncontrolled protein degradation. The 19S regulatory particles can recognize ubiquitin-labeled protein as degradation substrate, unfold the protein to linear, open the gate of 20S core particle, and guide the substrate into the proteolytic chamber. To meet such functional complexity, 19S regulatory particle contains at least 18 constitutive subunits. These subunits can be categorized into two classes based on the ATP dependence of subunits, ATP-dependent subunits and ATP-independent subunits. According to the protein interaction and topological characteristics of this multisubunit complex, the 19S regulatory particle is composed of a base and a lid subcomplex. The base consists of a ring of six AAA ATPases (Subunit Rpt1-6, systematic nomenclature) and four non-ATPase subunits (Rpn1, Rpn2, Rpn10, and Rpn13). Thus, 26S protease regulatory subunit 4 (Rpt2) is an essential component of forming the base subcomplex of 19S regulatory particle. For the assembly of 19S base sub complex, four sets of pivotal assembly chaperons (Hsm3/S5b, Nas2/P27, Nas6/P28, and Rpn14/PAAF1, nomenclature in yeast/mammals) were identified by four groups independently.^{[10][11][12][13][14][15]} These 19S regulatory particle base-dedicated chaperons all binds to individual ATPase subunits through the C-terminal regions. For example, Hsm3/S5b binds to the subunit Rpt1 and Rpt2 (this protein), Nas2/p27 to Rpt5, Nas6/p28 to Rpt3, and Rpn14/PAAAF1 to Rpt6, respectively. Subsequently, three intermediate assembly modules are formed as following, the Nas6/p28-Rpt3-Rpt6-Rpn14/PAAF1 module, the Nas2/p27-Rpt4-Rpt5 module, and the Hsm3/S5b-Rpt1-Rpt2-Rpn2 module. Eventually, these three modules assemble together to form the heterohexameric ring of 6 Atlases with Rpn1. The final addition of Rpn13 indicates the completion of 19S base sub complex assembly.^[8]

As the degradation machinery that is responsible for ~70% of intracellular proteolysis,^[16] proteasome complex (26S proteasome) plays a critical roles in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular proteome. Accordingly, misfolded proteins and damaged protein need to be continuously removed to recycle amino acids for new synthesis; in parallel, some key regulatory proteins fulfill their biological functions via selective degradation; furthermore, proteins are digested into peptides for MHC class I antigen presentation. To meet such complicated demands in biological process via spatial and temporal proteolysis, protein substrates have to be recognized, recruited, and eventually hydrolyzed in a well controlled fashion. Thus, 19S regulatory particle pertains a series of important capabilities to address these functional challenges. To recognize protein as designated substrate, 19S complex has subunits that are capable to recognize proteins with a special degradative tag, the ubiquitinylation. It also have subunits that can bind with nucleotides (e.g., ATPs) in order to facilitate the association between 19S and 20S particles, as well as to cause confirmation changes of alpha subunit C-terminals that form the substrate entrance of 20S complex.

The ATPases subunits assemble into a six-membered ring with a sequence of Rpt1–Rpt5–Rpt4–Rpt3–Rpt6–Rpt2, which interacts with the seven-membered alpha ring of 20S core particle and establishes an asymmetric interface between the 19S RP and the 20S CP.^[17][18] Three C-terminal tails with HbYX motifs of distinct Rpt ATPases insert into pockets between two defined alpha subunits of the CP and regulate the gate opening of the central channels in the CP alpha ring.^[19][20] Evidence showed that ATPase subunit Rpt5, along with other ubuiqintinated 19S proteasome subunits (Rpn13, Rpn10) and the deubiquitinating enzyme Uch37, can be ubiquitinated in situ by proteasome-associating ubiquitination enzymes. Ubiquitination of proteasome subunits can regulates proteasomal activity in response to the alteration of cellular ubiquitination levels.^[21]