RIQ J1336+1725

RIQ J1336+1725
RIQ J1336+1725 captured by SDSS
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationComa Berenices
Right ascension13h 36m 02.012s
Declination+17d 25m 13.11s
Redshift0.552017
Heliocentric radial velocity165,491 km/s
Distance6.552 Gly (light travel time distance)
Apparent magnitude (V)0.060
Apparent magnitude (B)0.079
Surface brightness16.2
Characteristics
TypeAGN
Notable featuresQuasar containing an absorption line system, seyfert galaxy
Other designations
PG 1333+177, PB 4007, PGC 1532339, 2MASS J13360201+1725132, NVSS J133602+172513, IVS B1333+176, LAMOST J133602.01+172513.1, SDSS J133602.01+172513.0

RIQ J1336+1725 also known as PB 4007 and PG 1333+177, is a quasar located in the constellation of Coma Berenices. At a low redshift of 0.55,[1] the object is located 6.5 billion light-years from Earth.[2] This quasar is known to have a Lyman edge region (912 A) that is formed by its thermally emitting accretion disk.[3]

History[edit]

Originally a faint blue star observed through the 48" Schmidt telescope at Mt. Palomar Observatory near the North Galactic Pole,[4] RIQ J1336+1725 is classified optically radio-variable[5][6] with the quasar's energy deriving from the hypothetical pulses of ~1050 erg[7] and an ultraviolet-excess stellar object by Palomar-Green Catalogue.[8][9]

Characteristics[edit]

RIQ J1336+1725 lies within the vicinity of normal galaxies.[10] It is found to be radio-quiet[11][12] showing a wide distribution of large C IV blueshifts (>= 1500 km s-1),[13] and has a bolometric luminosity of Lbol ∼ 1046 erg s−1 but X-ray weak with an X-ray emission about a factor of ∼10 − 80 fainter compared to typical active galactic nuclei (AGN) at similar ultraviolet luminosities.[14] Specifically, the X-ray emission detected from RIQ J1336+1725 is estimated to be above the 3-sigma level according to X-ray observations from Einstein Observatory.[15]

The quasar shows strong ultraviolet bump and luminosity range of 1030 ergs s-1 Hz-1.[16] With a near-infrared luminosity[17] and average limiting magnitude B = 16.16, over an area of 10,714 deg2, RIQ J1336+1725 is one of the 92 objects of MB < -23, collected in the Bright Quasar Sample.[18] The quasar is known to have a Galactic 21 cm column density of ~1 X 1019 atoms cm-2 or ~5%, found accurate as observed by NRAO 140 ft telescope at Green Bank.[19]

In additional, RIQ J1336+1725 is classified as a Seyfert type 1 galaxy, a common type of universal AGN.[20] The object shows broad lines including both allowed lines and narrow forbidden lines. The source of RIQ J1336+1725 is found to be compact with a broad emission line producing high velocity clouds in its regions closer to the supermassive black hole[21] with the mass larger than 108.5 M⊙.[22] Its radio power from the radio jets mainly originates from the energy of black hole spin.[23]

Observations[edit]

According to simultaneous observations by researchers, RIQ J1336+1725 is at rest frequencies between 10 to 13.8th and 10 to 15.3rd Hz. The results shows the model is fitted consistently by two power-law slopes plus a '3000 A bump', which it represents lower frequency observations in spectral indices and a median value of -1.4. However as for the transitional frequency, the slopes are closer to 10 and 14.5th Hz in the rest frame which the dispersion is estimated one octave when around the frequency. Researchers also found RIQ J1336+1725 shows evidence of nebulosity within 5 arcsec.[24]

H I 21cm observations were made in RIQ J1336+1725 at δ>=-43deg in search for weak, galactic, high-velocity H I emission lines at both moderate and high galactic latitudes. According to researchers who observed it through optical and ultraviolet wavelengths, the median rms noise in the survey spectra has a value of 3.4 mK. This results a median 4 σ detection level of NHI=8×1017 cm-2 on average over the 21' beam of the telescope. The high-velocity H I emission is found detected in 37% of the directions with half the lines not detected prior in previous surveys, and median FWHM of detected lines is 30.3 km s-1. Apart from that, the high-velocity H I lines are seen down to the sensitivity limit of the survey, implying there are likely lower lines at values of NHI.[25]

In March 2023, researchers decided to observe RIQ J1336+1725 again. It is known to show a soft X-ray excess above the 2-10 keV power law extrapolation like other AGN. Although the warm corona explains the excess in RIQ J1336+1725, the radiation flux observed is yet to be studied. To carry out the observation, they calculated the relativistic warm coronal flux under the finite disc-corona thickness in high-accretion-rate systems in the quasar. From the results they found the coronal flux steadily rises but drops as the inclination increases. Looking at it, they suggested the flux rise is more compact and can reach up to 1-2 dexes.[26]

Fe II emission[edit]

Researchers who grouped the Fe II emission in RIQ J1336+1725, into three groups according to lower term of transitions (b4 F, a6 S, and a4 G terms), corresponds to the blue, central, and red parts of the "iron shelf" around Hβ. Through calculations of the Fe II template taking into account transitions of three terms and an additional group of lines, based on a reconstruction of the spectrum of I Zw 1, it gives them a much precise fit of the Fe II lines in broad-line AGNs compared to other templates. By extracting out the Fe II, Hα, Hβ, [O III], and [N II] emission parameters and investigating the correlations between them, researchers found the Fe II lines probably originated inside an intermediate line region of RIQ J1336+1725. According to them, they found a Baldwin effect for [O III] but it is not the same for the Fe II emission which shows an inverse Baldwin effect. As for the [O III]/Fe II ratio, it decreases with L λ5100 and the spectra is different for Hβ FWHMs greater or less than ~3000 km s-1, showing different correlation coefficients between the parameters.[27]

Host galaxy[edit]

The host galaxy of RIQ J1336+1725 is an elliptical galaxy undergoing a quasar stage, mainly driven by the Eddington ratio (L/LEdd) of the black hole (BH) accretion.[28] The star formation in the galaxy is estimated to be ~ L0.44+/-0.07opt at a fixed redshift that is below z = 2 with an evolution of (1 + z)1.6+/-0.3 at z < 2, with an I-band absolute magnitude fainter than -28.[29] Moreover the host galaxy is an ultraluminous infrared galaxy.[30]

Absorption-line systems[edit]

RIQ J1336+1725 shows a number of absorption-line systems mainly heavy elements, neutral hydrogen, Lyman limit systems and Lyα Forest absorption systems.[31][32] The quasar also has an associated (Δvabs<5000 km s-1), high-ionization (C IV, N V, O VI) narrow absorption line (NAL) systems.[33]

The Lyman limit systems in RIQ J1336+1725 is estimated to be N(HI) >1.6 × 1017 atom cm-2 with a dampen Lyman α (DLA) of 2 × 1020 atom cm-2 with a column density of N* 1.6 × 1021 atom cm-2 indicating most of the neutral hydrogen DLA systems from lower column density units has been formed from the early universe.[34]

The Lyman limit flux and systemic redshift of RIQ J1336+1725 is J(ν0)=7.6+9.4-3.0×10-23 erg s-1 cm-2 Hz-1 sr-1 at 0.03<z<1.67. Researchers who used maximum-likelihood technique and the best estimates, found it is in a good agreement with the mean intensity expected from models of the background only focusing on the known quasar population. Dividing the sample into two subsamples, consisting of lines of z<1 and z>1, the values of J(ν0) they found are 6.5+38.-1.6×10-23 erg s-1 cm-2 Hz-1 sr-1, and 1.0+3.8-0.2×10-22 erg s-1 cm-2 Hz-1 sr-1, respectively, indicating that the mean intensity of the background is evolving over the redshift range of this data set. Assuming the spectral shapes of the sample spectra and the background are similar, the best-fit H I photoionization rates found in RIQ J1336+1725 is 6.7×10-13 s-1 for all redshifts, and 1.9×10-13 and 1.3×10-12 s-1 for z<1 and z>1, respectively.[35]

The H I density in RIQ J1336+1725 is estimated to ρH = 0.25-0.12+0.20 × 108 M⊙ Mpc-3. This H I density found by researchers is significantly lower compared to previous estimates from targeted DLA surveys with the Hubble Space Telescope, but consistent with results from low-z H I 21 cm observations, suggesting that the neutral gas density of the universe has been declining over the past 10 Gyr.[36]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Marziani, P.; Sulentic, J. W.; Zamanov, R.; Calvani, M.; Dultzin-Hacyan, D.; Bachev, R.; Zwitter, T. (2003-04-01). "An Optical Spectroscopic Atlas of Low-Redshift Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 145 (2): 199–211. Bibcode:2003ApJS..145..199M. doi:10.1086/346025. ISSN 0067-0049.
  2. ^ "Your NED Search Results". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  3. ^ Koratkar, A. P.; Kinney, A. L.; Bohlin, R. C. (1992-12-01). "Search for Partial Systemic Lyman Edges in Nearby Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal. 400: 435. Bibcode:1992ApJ...400..435K. doi:10.1086/172008. ISSN 0004-637X.
  4. ^ Berger, J.; Fringant, A. -M. (1977-05-01). "A search for faint blue stars in high galactic latitudes. I. Nine PSS fields near the North Galactic Pole". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 28: 123–152. Bibcode:1977A&AS...28..123B. ISSN 0365-0138.
  5. ^ Falcke, H.; Biermann, P. L. (1995-01-01). "The jet-disk symbiosis. I. Radio to X-ray emission models for quasars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 293: 665–682. arXiv:astro-ph/9411096. Bibcode:1995A&A...293..665F. ISSN 0004-6361.
  6. ^ Goyal, Arti; Gopal-Krishna, Wiita, Paul J.; Stalin, C. S.; Sagar, Ram (2013-10-01). "Improved characterization of intranight optical variability of prominent AGN classes". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 435 (2): 1300–1312. arXiv:1307.5831. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.435.1300G. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1373. ISSN 0035-8711.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Garcia, Aurea; Sodré, Laerte; Jablonski, Francisco J.; Terlevich, Roberto J. (1999-11-01). "Optical monitoring of quasars - I. Variability". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 309 (3): 803–816. arXiv:astro-ph/9906418. Bibcode:1999MNRAS.309..803G. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02884.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  8. ^ Green, R. F.; Schmidt, M.; Liebert, J. (1986-06-01). "The Palomar-Green Catalog of Ultraviolet-Excess Stellar Objects". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 61: 305. Bibcode:1986ApJS...61..305G. doi:10.1086/191115. ISSN 0067-0049.
  9. ^ Berriman, Graham; Schmidt, Gary D.; West, S. C.; Stockman, H. S. (1990-12-01). "An Optical Polarization Survey of the Palomar-Green Bright Quasar Sample". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 74: 869. Bibcode:1990ApJS...74..869B. doi:10.1086/191523. ISSN 0067-0049.
  10. ^ Burbidge, G.; Hewitt, A.; Narlikar, J. V.; Gupta, P. Das (1990-11-01). "Associations between Quasi-stellar Objects and Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 74: 675. Bibcode:1990ApJS...74..675B. doi:10.1086/191514. ISSN 0067-0049.
  11. ^ Wold, Margrethe; Lacy, Mark; Lilje, Per B.; Serjeant, Stephen (2001-05-01). "Radio-quiet quasar environments at 0.5". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 323 (1): 231–247. arXiv:astro-ph/0011394. Bibcode:2001MNRAS.323..231W. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04229.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  12. ^ Falcke, Heino; Sherwood, William; Patnaik, Alok R. (1996-11-01). "The Nature of Radio-intermediate Quasars: What Is Radio-loud and What Is Radio-quiet?". The Astrophysical Journal. 471: 106–114. arXiv:astro-ph/9605165. Bibcode:1996ApJ...471..106F. doi:10.1086/177956. ISSN 0004-637X.
  13. ^ Sulentic, J. W.; Marziani, P.; Dultzin-Hacyan, D.; Calvani, M.; Moles, M. (1995-06-01). "First Direct Comparison of High and Low Ionization Line Kinematics in Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal. 445: L85. Bibcode:1995ApJ...445L..85S. doi:10.1086/187896. ISSN 0004-637X.
  14. ^ Laurenti, M.; Piconcelli, E.; Zappacosta, L.; Tombesi, F.; Vignali, C.; Bianchi, S.; Marziani, P.; Vagnetti, F.; Bongiorno, A.; Bischetti, M.; del Olmo, A.; Lanzuisi, G.; Luminari, A.; Middei, R.; Perri, M. (2022-01-01). "X-ray spectroscopic survey of highly accreting AGN". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 657: A57. arXiv:2110.06939. Bibcode:2022A&A...657A..57L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141829. ISSN 0004-6361.
  15. ^ Tananbaum, H.; Avni, Y.; Green, R. F.; Schmidt, M.; Zamorani, G. (1986-06-01). "X-Ray Observations of the Bright Quasar Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 305: 57. Bibcode:1986ApJ...305...57T. doi:10.1086/164228. ISSN 0004-637X.
  16. ^ Kriss, Gerard A. (1988-01-01). "X-Ray, Optical, and Infrared Luminosity Correlations in Radio-quiet Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal. 324: 809. Bibcode:1988ApJ...324..809K. doi:10.1086/165940. ISSN 0004-637X.
  17. ^ Worrall, D. M. (1987-07-01). "Luminosity Dependence in the Ratio of X-Ray to Infrared Emission of QSOs". The Astrophysical Journal. 318: 188. Bibcode:1987ApJ...318..188W. doi:10.1086/165360. ISSN 0004-637X.
  18. ^ Schmidt, M.; Green, R. F. (1983-06-01). "Quasar evolution derived from the Palomar bright quasar survey and other complete quasar surveys". The Astrophysical Journal. 269: 352–374. Bibcode:1983ApJ...269..352S. doi:10.1086/161048. ISSN 0004-637X.
  19. ^ Elvis, Martin; Lockman, Felix J.; Wilkes, Belinda J. (1989-03-01). "Accurate Galactic N(H) Values Toward Quasars and AGN". The Astronomical Journal. 97: 777. Bibcode:1989AJ.....97..777E. doi:10.1086/115022. ISSN 0004-6256.
  20. ^ Véron-Cetty, M. -P.; Véron, P. (2006-08-01). "A catalogue of quasars and active nuclei: 12th edition". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 455 (2): 773–777. Bibcode:2006A&A...455..773V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065177. ISSN 0004-6361.
  21. ^ Pol, Nihan; Wadadekar, Yogesh (2016-10-26). "Seyfert 1 composite spectrum using SDSS Legacy survey data". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 465 (1): 95–104. arXiv:1610.07523. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2763. ISSN 0035-8711.
  22. ^ Rusinek-Abarca, Katarzyna; Sikora, Marek (2021-12-01). "The Dependence of the Fraction of Radio Luminous Quasars on Redshift and its Theoretical Implications". The Astrophysical Journal. 922 (2): 202. arXiv:2109.07523. Bibcode:2021ApJ...922..202R. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2429. ISSN 0004-637X.
  23. ^ Wang, Dingxiong; Wu, Xuebing (1999-04-01). "On the correlation of black hole spin and radio jet radiation of quasars". Acta Astrophysica Sinica. 19: 121–127. Bibcode:1999AcApS..19..121W. ISSN 0253-2379.
  24. ^ Neugebauer, G.; Green, R. F.; Matthews, K.; Schmidt, M.; Soifer, B. T.; Bennett, J. (1987-03-01). "Continuum Energy Distributions of Quasars in the Palomar-Green Survey". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 63: 615. Bibcode:1987ApJS...63..615N. doi:10.1086/191175. ISSN 0067-0049.
  25. ^ Lockman, Felix J.; Murphy, Edward M.; Petty-Powell, Sara; Urick, Vincent J. (2002-06-01). "A Very Sensitive 21 centimeter Survey for Galactic High-Velocity H I". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 140 (2): 331–365. arXiv:astro-ph/0201039. Bibcode:2002ApJS..140..331L. doi:10.1086/339371. ISSN 0067-0049.
  26. ^ Tang, Ze-Yuan; Feng, Jun-Jie; Fan, Jun-Hui (2023-03-01). "Inclination dependence of warm coronal flux in high-accretion-rate AGNs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 520 (1): 129–146. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.520..129T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad128. ISSN 0035-8711.
  27. ^ Kovačević, Jelena; Popović, Luka Č.; Dimitrijević, Milan S. (2010-07-01). "Analysis of Optical Fe II Emission in a Sample of Active Galactic Nucleus Spectra". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 189 (1): 15–36. arXiv:1004.2212. Bibcode:2010ApJS..189...15K. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/189/1/15. ISSN 0067-0049.
  28. ^ Sun, Jiayi; Shen, Yue (2015-05-01). "Dissecting the Quasar Main Sequence: Insight from Host Galaxy Properties". The Astrophysical Journal. 804 (1): L15. arXiv:1503.08364. Bibcode:2015ApJ...804L..15S. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/804/1/L15. ISSN 0004-637X.
  29. ^ Serjeant, Stephen; Hatziminaoglou, Evanthia (2009-07-01). "The evolution of star formation in quasar host galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 397 (1): 265–280. arXiv:0901.0552. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.397..265S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14431.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  30. ^ Falcke, Heino; Sherwood, William; Patnaik, Alok R. (1996-11-01). "The Nature of Radio-intermediate Quasars: What Is Radio-loud and What Is Radio-quiet?". The Astrophysical Journal. 471: 106–114. arXiv:astro-ph/9605165. Bibcode:1996ApJ...471..106F. doi:10.1086/177956. ISSN 0004-637X.
  31. ^ Ryabinkov, A. I.; Kaminker, A. D.; Varshalovich, D. A. (2003-12-01). "A catalogue of absorption-line systems in QSO spectra". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 412 (3): 707–709. arXiv:astro-ph/0402331. Bibcode:2003A&A...412..707R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034339. ISSN 0004-6361.
  32. ^ Bechtold, Jill; Dobrzycki, Adam; Wilden, Brenda; Morita, Miwa; Scott, Jennifer; Dobrzycka, Danuta; Tran, Kim-Vy; Aldcroft, Thomas L. (2002-06-01). "A Uniform Analysis of the Lyα Forest at z = 0-5. III. Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph Spectral Atlas". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 140 (2): 143–238. arXiv:astro-ph/0111486. Bibcode:2002ApJS..140..143B. doi:10.1086/342489. ISSN 0067-0049.
  33. ^ Ganguly, Rajib; Bond, Nicholas A.; Charlton, Jane C.; Eracleous, Michael; Brandt, W. N.; Churchill, Christopher W. (2001-03-01). "On the Origin of Intrinsic Narrow Absorption Lines in z". The Astrophysical Journal. 549 (1): 133–154. arXiv:astro-ph/0010192. Bibcode:2001ApJ...549..133G. doi:10.1086/319082. ISSN 0004-637X.
  34. ^ Péroux, C.; McMahon, R. G.; Storrie-Lombardi, L. J.; Irwin, M. J. (2003-12-01). "The evolution of ΩHI and the epoch of formation of damped Lyman α absorbers". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 346 (4): 1103–1115. arXiv:astro-ph/0107045. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.346.1103P. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2003.07129.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  35. ^ Scott, Jennifer; Bechtold, Jill; Morita, Miwa; Dobrzycki, Adam; Kulkarni, Varsha P. (2002-06-01). "A Uniform Analysis of the Lyα Forest at z=0-5. V. The Extragalactic Ionizing Background at Low Redshift". The Astrophysical Journal. 571 (2): 665–692. arXiv:astro-ph/0112229. Bibcode:2002ApJ...571..665S. doi:10.1086/339982. ISSN 0004-637X.
  36. ^ Neeleman, Marcel; Prochaska, J. Xavier; Ribaudo, Joseph; Lehner, Nicolas; Howk, J. Christopher; Rafelski, Marc; Kanekar, Nissim (2016-02-01). "The H I Content of the Universe Over the Past 10 GYRS". The Astrophysical Journal. 818 (2): 113. arXiv:1601.01691. Bibcode:2016ApJ...818..113N. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/818/2/113. ISSN 0004-637X.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RIQ_J1336%2B1725&oldid=1230698246"