Saproamanita

Saproamanita
Saproamanita vittadinii in grass in Italy
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Amanitaceae
Genus: Saproamanita
Redhead, Vizzini, Drehmel & Contu (2016)
Type species
Saproamanita vittadinii [1]
(Moretti) Redhead, Vizzini, Drehmel & Contu (2016)
Diversity
c. 23 species
Synonyms

Lepidella E.-J. Gilbert (1925)
Amanita subgen. Lepidella Beauseigneur (1925)
Aspidella E.-J. Gilbert (1940)
Amanita subgen. Aspidella E.-J. Gilbert (1941)
Amanita sect. Lepidella Corner & Bas (1962)
Amanita sect. Aspidella Pomerleau (1966)
Amanita subsect. Vittadinae Bas (1969)
Amanita ser. Vittadinae (Bas) Neville & Poumarat (2004)

The genus Saproamanita contains about 24 species of agarics and is one of six genera in the family Amanitaceae, of which the similar Amanita is also a member. Saproamanita differs from Amanita in that its species are saprophytic, and not ectomycorrhizal.

Description

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Saproamanita resemble Amanita. They have a pileus, free lamellae, a central stipe, and an annulus. Below the annulus are scales and rings, remnants of the universal veil composed largely of cylindrical to slender, clavate, inflated hyphal cells mostly scattered in the central stipe region (rather than the base).[2] The spores are white and amyloid.

Taxonomy

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The name refers to the saprotrophic life style and the generic relationship to its sister genus, Amanita. In earlier studies the genus was ill-defined and named Lepidella and later Aspidella. Both of these names are unusable because of earlier usage by biologists for other organisms, e.g. Aspidella E. Billings. The most recent adoption of the name Aspidella[3] was based on a molecularly and ecologically defined genus similar to the current circumscription.[4]

DNA molecular evidence for the separation of the genus from Amanita was first detected in a 2002 study of mushrooms and their, with S. armillariiformis (then classified as an Amanita) appearing basal to Amanita.[5] Later studies, supported by larger samplings of species and additional gene regions in investigations of Amanitaceae, expanded the sampling of both groups of species that were all considered to be Amanita species[6][7][8] or separated into two genera under the names Aspidella and Amanita.[3] In that most detailed study of decomposition pathway enzymes that lends support for taxonomic separation,[7] the subgeneric name Amanita subgen. Lepidella was misapplied to a group of species that did not include the type species of the subgenus; that subgeneric group of mycorrhizal species[7] is more correctly named Amanita subgen. Amanitina.[4][9]

Currently there are two competing contemporary classifications, one that recognizes the two genera, Amanita and Saproamanita,[4][10][11][12] and the other that maintains both genera under the older name Amanita.[13]

A recent phylogenetic tree for the genus included information from Thailand by Nakarin Suwannarach and Surapong Khuna.[14]

Distribution and habitat

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Saproamanita are known to inhabit grasslands, lawns, pastures, fens, and fields in Africa, Asia including the Indian subcontinent and Thailand,[15][14][16][17] Australia, Europe, including Mediterranean islands (e.g. Cyprus)[18] and England,[2] North America, including Mexico,[19] the Caribbean,[10] and South America,[20][21] as well as glens in open canopy forests. Some species are known to form fairy rings. At least three of the species are invasive species expanding their ranges, S. inopinata in Europe, S. thiersii in North America, and S. manicata in Hawaii.[2][22][23][12]

Genome sequencing

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The genome of S. thiersii (as Amanita thiersii) and its cellulose degrading capability are the subject of a US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute project.[24]

Species

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References

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  1. ^ Vizzini A, Redhead SA, Dovana F (2017). "Epitypification of Agaricus vittadinii (Basidiomycota, Amanitaceae)". Phytotaxa. 326 (3): 230–234. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.326.3.8.
  2. ^ a b c Læssøe T, Petersen JH (2019). Fungi of Temperate Europe Vol 1. Princeton University Press. pp. 352–354. ISBN 9780691180373.
  3. ^ a b Vizzini A, Contu M, Ercole E, Voyron S (2012). "Rivalutazione e delimitazione del genere Aspidella (Agaricales, Amanitaceae), nuovamente separato da Amanita". Micologia e Vegetazione Mediterranea. 27 (2): 75–90.
  4. ^ a b c Redhead SA, Vizzini A, Drehmel DC, Contu M (2016). "Saproamanita, a new name for both Lepidella E.-J. Gilbert and Aspidella E.-J. Gilbert (Amaniteae, Amanitaceae)". IMA Fungus. 7 (1): 119–129. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.01.07. PMC 4941681. PMID 27433443.[1] Archived 2016-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Catherine Aime M, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Greg Thorn R, Jacobsson S, Clémençon H, Miller OK Jr (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID 12099793.
  6. ^ Justo A, Morgenstern I, Hallen-Adams HE, Hibbett DS (2010). "Convergent evolution of sequestrate forms in Amanita under Mediterranean climate conditions". Mycologia. 102 (3): 675–688. doi:10.3852/09-191. PMID 20524599. S2CID 9995551.
  7. ^ a b c Wolfe BE, Tulloss RE, Pringle A (2012). "The irreversible loss of a decomposition pathway marks the single origin of an ectomycorrhizal symbiosis". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e39597. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739597W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039597. PMC 3399872. PMID 22815710.
  8. ^ Hess J, Pringle A (2014). "The natural histories of species and their genomes: asymbiotic and ectomycorrhizal Amanita Fungi.". In Martin F (ed.). Advances in Botanical Research. Vol. 70. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 235–257. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-397940-7.00008-2. ISBN 9780123979407.
  9. ^ Cui YY, Cai Q, Tang LP, Liu JW, Yang ZL (2018). "The family Amanitaceae: molecular phylogeny, higher-rank taxonomy and the species in China". Fungal Diversity. 91 (1): 5–230. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0405-9. S2CID 52048762.
  10. ^ a b Vizzini A, Angelini A, Bizzi A (2016). "Saproamanita manicata in Repubblica Dominicana". RMR, Boll. Amer. 2016 (2): 33–44.
  11. ^ Hawksworth DL (2016). "Sense and sensibility in naming". IMA Fungus. 7 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1007/BF03449407. [2]
  12. ^ a b Hemmes DE, Desjardin DE, Perry BA (2019). "Recent Introductions and Movements of Fleshy Fungi in the Hawaiian Islands". Fungi. 11 (4): 20–24.
  13. ^ "home - Amanitaceae.org - Taxonomy and Morphology of Amanita and Limacella". www.amanitaceae.org. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  14. ^ a b Boonmee S, Wanasinghe DN, Calabon MS, Huanraluek N, Chandrasiri SK, et al. (2021). "Fungal diversity notes 1387–1511: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa". Fungal Diversity. 111 (1): 1–335. doi:10.1007/s13225-021-00489-3. PMC 8648402. PMID 34899100.
  15. ^ Verma RK, Pandro V (2018). "Diversity and distribution of Amanitaceous mushrooms in India, two new reports from Sal Forest of Central India". Indian Journal of Tropical Biodiversity. 26 (1): 42–54.
  16. ^ Kantharaja R, Krishnappa M (2022). "Amanitaceous fungi of central Western Ghats: taxonomy, phylogeny, and six new reports to Indian mycobiota". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 14 (4): 20890–20902. doi:10.11609/jott.7801.14.4.20890-20902.
  17. ^ Aman N, Khalid AN, Moncalvo JM (2022). "A compendium of macrofungi of Pakistan by ecoregions". MycoKeys (89): 171–233. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.89.81148. PMC 9849087. PMID 36760828. S2CID 248686065.
  18. ^ Loizides M, Bellanger JM, Yiangou Y, Moreau PA (2018). "Preliminary phylogenetic investigations into the genus Amanita (Agaricales) in Cyprus, with a review of previous records and poisoning incidents". Documents Mycologiques. 37: 201–218.
  19. ^ Rodríguez Hernández, Alicia (2018). Aspectos bioculturales de Saproamanita thiersii (Fungi: Agaricales) en el municipio de Apaxco de Ocampo, Estado de México (PDF) (Thesis). Univeridad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo.
  20. ^ Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Burgess TI, Hardy GE, Gené J, et al. (2018). "Fungal Planet description sheets: 716–784". Persoonia. 40: 240–395. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.10. PMC 6146637. PMID 30505003.
  21. ^ Gómez-Montoya N, Ríos-Sarmiento C, Zora-Vergara B, Benjumea-Aristizabal C, Santa-Santa DJ, Zuluaga-Moreno M, Franco-Molano AE (2022). "Diversidad de macrohongos (Basidiomycota) de Colombia: listado de especies. Macrofungal diversity (Basidiomycota) of Colombia: List of species". Actual. Biol. 44 (116): 1–94. doi:10.17533/udea.acbi.v44n116a07. S2CID 249689952.
  22. ^ Kibby G (2005). "The invasion of Amanita inopinata continues!". Field Mycol. 6: 31. doi:10.1016/s1468-1641(10)60294-0.
  23. ^ Wolfe BE, Kuo M, Pringle A (2012). "Amanita thiersii is a saprotrophic fungus expanding its range in the United States". Mycologia. 104 (1): 22–23. doi:10.3852/11-056. PMID 21914823. S2CID 207661066.
  24. ^ "Why sequence cellulose degrading fungus Amanita thiersii?". DOE Joint Genome Institute. 2013-11-07. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
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