Russian tortoise

Russian tortoise
A Russian tortoise in Kazakhstan
Conservation status
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Testudinoidea
Family:	Testudinidae
Genus:	Testudo
Species:	T. horsfieldii
Binomial name
Testudo horsfieldii Gray, 1844
Subspecies
T. h. bogdanovi Chkhikvadze, 2008 T. h. horsfieldii (Gray, 1844) T. h. kazachstanica Chkhikvadze, 1988 T. h. kuznetzovi Chkhikvadze, Ataev, Shammakov & Zatoka, 2009 T. h. rustamovi Chkhikvadze, Amiranschwili & Atajew, 1990
Synonyms[2]
A. h. horsfieldii Testudo horsfieldii Gray, 1844 Homopus burnesii Blyth, 1854 Testudinella horsfieldii — Gray, 1870 Testudinella horsfieldi Gray, 1873 (ex errore) Homopus horsfieldii — Theobald, 1876 Testudo baluchiorum Annandale, 1906 Medaestia horsfieldi — Wussow, 1916 Testudo horsfieldi — Wussow, 1916 Agrionemys horsfieldi — Khosatzky & Młynarski, 1966 Agrionemys horsfieldii — Młynarski, 1966 Testudo horsfieldii horsfieldii — Iverson, 1992 Agrionemys horsfieldii horsfieldii — Welch, 1994 Agrionemys horsfildii Rogner, 1996 (ex errore) Testudo horsfieldi horsfieldi — Highfield, 1996 Agrionemys baluchiorum — Vetter, 2002 Agrionemys horsfieldii baluchiorum — Artner, 2003 T. h. kazachstanica Agrionemys horsfieldi kazachstanica Chkhikvadze, 1988 Testudo horsfieldii kazachstanica — Iverson, 1992 Agrionemys horsfieldii kazachstanica — Welch, 1994 Testudo horsfieldi kazachtanica Highfield, 1996 (ex errore) Agrionemys horsfieldii kazakhstanica Borkin, 1998 (ex errore) Agrionemys kazachstanica — Perälä, 2002 Testudo horsfieldi kazachstanica — Ferri, 2002 T. h. rustamovi Agrionemys horsfieldi rustamovi Chkhikvadze, 1989 (nomen nudum) Agrionemys horsfieldi rustamovi Chkhikvadze, Amiranashvili & Ataev, 1990 Agrionemys horsfieldi rustamowi Chkhikvadze, Amiranashvili & Ataev, 1990 (ex errore) Testudo horsfieldii rustamovi — Iverson, 1992 Agrionemys horsfieldii rustamovi — Welch, 1994 Testudo horsfieldii rustomovi Das, 1995 (ex errore) Testudo horsfieldi rustmovi Highfield, 1996 (ex errore) Testudo horsfieldii rustamov Paull, 1997 (ex errore) Agrionemys rustamovi — Perälä, 2002 Testudo horsfieldi rustamovi — Ferri, 2002

The Russian tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii), also commonly known as the Afghan tortoise, the Central Asian tortoise, the four-clawed tortoise, the four-toed tortoise, Horsfield's tortoise, the Russian steppe tortoise, the Soviet Tortoise, and the steppe tortoise,^[3][4] is a threatened species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae. The species is endemic to Central Asia from the Caspian Sea south through Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan, and east across Kazakhstan to Xinjiang, China.^[5][6] Human activities in its native habitat contribute to its threatened status.^[5]

Two Russian tortoises were the first Earth inhabitants to travel to and circle the Moon, on Zond 5 in September 1968.

Both the specific name, horsfieldii, and the common name "Horsfield's tortoise" are in honor of the American naturalist Thomas Horsfield. He worked in Java (1796) and for the East India Company and later became a friend of Sir Thomas Raffies.^[7][3]

This species is traditionally placed in Testudo. Due to distinctly different morphological characteristics, the monotypic genus Agrionemys was proposed for it in 1966, and was accepted for several decades, although not unanimously.^{[5][8][full citation needed]} DNA sequence analysis generally concurred, but not too robustly so.^{[9][full citation needed]} However, in 2021, it was again reclassified in Testudo by the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group and the Reptile Database, with Agrionemys being relegated to a distinct subgenus that T. horsfieldii belonged to.^[5][10] The Turtle Taxonomy Working Group lists five separate subspecies of Russian tortoise, but they are not widely accepted by taxonomists:^[5]

• T. h. bogdanovi Chkhikvadze, 2008 – southern Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
• T. h. horsfieldii (Gray, 1844) – Afghanistan/Pakistan and southern Central Asia
• T. h. kazachstanica Chkhikvadze, 1988 – Kazakhstan/Karakalpakhstan
• T. h. kuznetzovi Chkhikvadze, Ataev, Shammakov & Zatoka, 2009 – northern Turkmenistan, southern Uzbekistan
• T. h. rustamovi Chkhikvadze, Amiranschwili & Atajew, 1990 – southwestern Turkmenistan

The Russian tortoise is a small tortoise species, with a size range of 13–25 cm (5–10 in). Females grow slightly larger (15–25 cm [6–10 in]) to accommodate eggs. Males average 13–20 cm (5–8 in).

Russian tortoises are sexually dimorphic. Males are usually smaller than the females,^[11] and the males tend to have longer tails generally tucked to the side, and longer claws; females have a short, fat tail, with shorter claws than the males. The male has a slit-shaped vent (cloaca) near the tip of its tail; the female has an asterisk-shaped vent (cloaca). Russian tortoises have four toes on their front limbs, unusual compared to other tortoises for having five. Coloration varies, but the shell is usually a ruddy brown or black, fading to yellow between the scutes, and the body is straw-yellow and brown depending on the subspecies.

The male Russian tortoise courts a female through head bobbing, circling, and biting her forelegs. When she submits, he mounts her from behind, making high-pitched squeaking noises during mating.^[12]

On average, Russian tortoises will hibernate for about 8 weeks to 5 months throughout the year, if the conditions are right.^[13] The species can spend as much as 9 months of the year in dormancy.

Russian tortoises thrive in dry, open areas. They keep to sandy locations, where they can get around easily and burrow. Despite preferring arid environments primarily, Russian tortoises can survive well where humidity is 70 percent, and actually need some rain to soften the soil so they can dig their burrows.^[14] These burrows can be as deep as 2 meters (6 ft 7 in), where it retreats during the midday heat and at night, only emerging to forage at dawn or dusk when temperatures drop. These tortoises are quite social, and they will visit nearby burrows, and sometimes several will spend the night in one burrow.^[5]

Russian tortoises are popular pets. While they are a hardy species, they do have some specific needs. Russian tortoises requires a very dry, well-drained cage in an indoor enclosure.^[15] They can be kept indoors or outdoors, but outdoor tortoise enclosures generally require less equipment and upkeep, and are preferable if the keeper lives in an appropriate climate. Indoor enclosures should measure 8'L x 4'W x 2.5'H (2.44 m × 1.22 m × 0.76 m), or otherwise offer 32 square feet (3.0 m²) of floor space. Indoors, specialized equipment is required to maintain moderate temperatures and moderate humidity, with UVB light available in an appropriate strength.

In captivity, Russian tortoises' diet typically consists of lamb's lettuce, plantains and various other dark leafy greens. The Russian tortoise's natural diet consists of herbaceous and succulent vegetation including grasses, twigs, flowers and some fruits.^[14] The diet should be as varied as possible to reduce the risk of imbalanced nutrition. Water is important for all species; the tortoise, being an arid species, will typically get water from their food, but they still need a constant supply. Young Russian tortoises should be soaked 1-2x/weekly in lukewarm water no deeper than their elbows to keep hydrated. Tortoises typically empty their bowels in water to hide their scent; this is an instinct, and it also helps keep their enclosure cleaner.^[16]

Russian tortoises can live up to 50 years, and require annual hibernation.^{[citation needed]}

Russian tortoises do not require a CITES Article X certificate.

In September 1968 two Russian tortoises flew to the Moon, circled it, and returned safely to Earth on the Soviet Zond 5 mission. Accompanied by mealworms, plants, and other lifeforms, they were the first Earth creatures to travel to the Moon.^[17]

• da Nóbrega Alves, Rômulo Romeu; da Silva Vieira, Washington Luiz; Santana, Gindomar Gomes (July 2008). "Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications". Biodiversity and Conservation. 17 (8): 2037–2049. Bibcode:2008BiCon..17.2037D. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0. ISSN 0960-3115. S2CID 42500066.
• Fritz, Uwe; Široký, Pavel; Kami, Hajigholi; Wink, Michael (November 2005). "Environmentally caused dwarfism or a valid species—Is Testudo weissingeri Bour, 1996 a distinct evolutionary lineage? New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genomic markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 389–401. Bibcode:2005MolPE..37..389F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.007. PMID 16223676.
• Khosatsky, L.I.; Młynarski, M. (1966). "Agrionemys – nouveau genre de tortues terrestres (Testudinidae)". Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences II – Série des Sciences Biologiques (in French). 14 (2): 123–125.
• Alderton, David (1988). Turtles & Tortoises of the world (1. publ ed.). New York: Facts on File Publ. ISBN 978-0-8160-1733-1.
• Ernst, Carl H.; Barbour, Roger W. (1995). Turtles of the world (4 ed.). Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-87474-414-9.
• Highfield, Andy C. (1990). Keeping and breeding tortoises in captivity (1 ed.). Portishead, Avon: R & A Publ. ISBN 978-1-872688-01-5.
• Obst, Fritz Jürgen; Furness, Sylvia (1988). Turtles, Tortoises and Terrapins (2 ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-82362-7.
• Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard (1979). Encyclopedia of Turtles. Neptune, New Jersey: T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 978-0-87666-918-1.
• Pursall, B (1994). Mediterranean Tortoises. Neptune, N.J.: T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0793802849.
• Wahlquist, H. (1991). "Horsfield's tortoise, Agrionemys horsfieldii ". Tortuga Gazette. 27 (6): 1–3.

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