NGC 1436

NGC 1436
NGC 1436
NGC 1436 / NGC 1437 (NASA/ESA HST)
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationEridanus
Right ascension03h 43m 37.08s [1]
Declination−35° 51′ 10.90″ [1]
Redshift0.004627 [1]
Heliocentric radial velocity1387 ± 8 km/s [1]
Distance58 Mly (17.8 Mpc)[1]
Apparent magnitude (V)11.7 [2]
Apparent magnitude (B)12.5 [2]
Absolute magnitude (B)−19.00[3]
Characteristics
Type(R')SAB(rs)ab[1]
Mass6.4×109 (Stellar mass)/2.03×1010 (Total Mass) [4] M☉
Size~76,000 ly (23.31 kpc) (estimated) [1]
Apparent size (V)3.1 x 2.0 [2]
Other designations
NGC 1437, PGC 13687, MCG -6-9-25, ESO 358-58, FCC 290

NGC 1436 (also called NGC 1437) is a barred spiral galaxy[5] with LINER activity[6] approximately 58 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Eridanus.[1][2] NGC 1436 is a flocculent spiral galaxy lying almost face-on to the Earth.[7] It is a member of the Fornax I cluster.[8][9]

NGC 1436 is host to a nuclear star cluster with an estimated mass of around 2 × 107 M☉,[10] and is also host to a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of around 3.2 × 106 M☉.[11]

Observational history

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This galaxy was entered twice in the New General Catalogue, first as NGC 1436 and after that as NGC 1437.[9][12] It was discovered by John Herschel on January 9, 1836, who described it as "very bright, and evidently a globular cluster".[9] It later received designation NGC 1436.[9] It was also observed by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop with his 9" reflector at Parramatta, who described it as "a pretty large faint round nebula, about 3.5' diameter, gradual slight condensation to the centre, very faint at the margin".[9]

John Herschel observed this object again on November 28, 1837, assumed it was new and measured an accurate position. It later received second designation in the New General Catalogue (NGC 1437) because of that.[9]

Until recently this galaxy was often called NGC 1437, but in recent references it is being called NGC 1436 more and more frequently.[12]

Physical characteristics

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NGC 1436's spiral arms wind onto the bulge of the galaxy in a bar-like pattern.[5] Within the spiral arms which are tightly wound, there is abundant dust with numerous star-forming regions.[13] The spiral arms are propment within 2 arc minutes of the center but outside that range, they fade into a smooth and featureless disk, suggesting that the galaxy is transtioning into a lenticular galaxy.[14][15][7] Addidtionally, the distubution of HI in the disk of the galaxy is truncated within only the inner star forming region of the galaxy[13] which along with the morphology of the galaxy also agrees with the conclusion that the galaxy is transtioning into a lenticular galaxy as a result of the environment of the Fornax Cluster.[16] Observations also show that the inner and outer regions of the disk of NGC 1436 experienced a burst of star formation around 5 billion years ago afterwards followed by a rapid quenching in the outer disc and by slow quenching in the inner disc, which continues to form stars to this day. It is therefore inferred that as NGC 1436 fell though the Fornax Cluster around 5 billion years ago the combination of a tidal interaction and/or ram pressure stripping was able to compress and then remove most of the HI gas from the outer region of the disk, causing a temporary increase of star formation followed by a rapid decrease of its star formation. The inner regions of the disk were much closer to the center of the galaxy which was affected more strongly by gravitational forces of the center of the galaxy which allowed the inner region of the disk to hold on to more of the HI gas. However, since the removal of HI gas from the outer regions of the disk of the galaxy as NGC 1436 fell though the cluster the accection of cold gas to replenish star formation in the inner disk stopped which is why star formation in the inner disk has decreased in the last few billion years but not to zero as star formation is still observed to be ongoing in that region.[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d "Revised NGC Data for NGC 1436". spider.seds.org. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  3. ^ Davies, J. I.; Bianchi, S.; Baes, M.; Boselli, A.; Ciesla, L.; Clemens, M.; Davis, T. A.; De Looze, I.; di Serego Alighieri, S.; Fuller, C.; Fritz, J.; Hunt, L. K.; Serra, P.; Smith, M. W. L.; Verstappen, J. (2013-01-01). "The Herschel Fornax Cluster Survey - I. The bright galaxy sample". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 428 (1): 834–844. arXiv:1210.4448. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.428..834D. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts082. ISSN 0035-8711.
  4. ^ Ding, Y.; Zhu, L.; van de Ven, G.; Coccato, L.; Corsini, E. M.; Costantin, L.; Fahrion, K.; Falcón-Barroso, J.; Gadotti, D. A.; Iodice, E.; Lyubenova, M.; Martín-Navarro, I.; McDermid, R. M.; Pinna, F.; Sarzi, M. (2023-04-01). "The Fornax3D project: Environmental effects on the assembly of dynamically cold disks in Fornax cluster galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 672: A84. arXiv:2301.05532. Bibcode:2023A&A...672A..84D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244558. ISSN 0004-6361.
  5. ^ a b Gao, Hua; Ho, Luis C.; Barth, Aaron J.; Li, Zhao-Yu (2019-10-01). "The Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey. VIII. Demographics of Bulges along the Hubble Sequence". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 244 (2): 34. arXiv:1901.03195. Bibcode:2019ApJS..244...34G. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab3c6a. ISSN 0067-0049.
  6. ^ Lara-López, M. A.; Galán-de Anta, P. M.; Sarzi, M.; Iodice, E.; Davis, T. A.; Zabel, N.; Corsini, E. M.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Fahrion, K.; Falcón-Barroso, J.; Gadotti, D. A.; McDermid, R. M.; Pinna, F.; Rodriguez-Gomez, V.; van de Ven, G. (2022-04-01). "The Fornax3D project: The environmental impact on gas metallicity gradients in Fornax cluster galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 660: A105. arXiv:2202.04128. Bibcode:2022A&A...660A.105L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142790. ISSN 0004-6361.
  7. ^ a b Zabel, Nikki; Davis, Timothy A.; Smith, Matthew W. L.; Sarzi, Marc; Loni, Alessandro; Serra, Paolo; Lara-López, Maritza A.; Cigan, Phil; Baes, Maarten; Bendo, George J.; De Looze, Ilse; Iodice, Enrichetta; Kleiner, Dane; Koribalski, Bärbel S.; Peletier, Reynier (2021-04-01). "AlFoCS + F3D - II. Unexpectedly low gas-to-dust ratios in the Fornax galaxy cluster". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 502 (4): 4723–4742. arXiv:2102.02148. Bibcode:2021MNRAS.502.4723Z. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab342. ISSN 0035-8711.
  8. ^ Ferguson, Henry C. (1989-08-01). "Population Studies in Groups and Clusters of Galaxies. II. A Catalog of Galaxies in the Central 3.5 Degrees of the Fornax Cluster". The Astronomical Journal. 98: 367. Bibcode:1989AJ.....98..367F. doi:10.1086/115152. ISSN 0004-6256.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "Data for NGC 1436". www.astronomy-mall.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  10. ^ Su, Alan H.; Salo, Heikki; Janz, Joachim; Venhola, Aku; Peletier, Reynier F. (2022-08-01). "Photometric properties of nuclear star clusters and their host galaxies in the Fornax cluster". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 664: A167. arXiv:2206.01490. Bibcode:2022A&A...664A.167S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142593. ISSN 0004-6361.
  11. ^ Arzoumanian, Zaven; Baker, Paul T.; Brazier, Adam; Brook, Paul R.; Burke-Spolaor, Sarah; Becsy, Bence; Charisi, Maria; Chatterjee, Shami; Cordes, James M.; Cornish, Neil J.; Crawford, Fronefield; Cromartie, H. Thankful; Decesar, Megan E.; Demorest, Paul B.; Dolch, Timothy (2021-06-01). "The NANOGrav 11 yr Data Set: Limits on Supermassive Black Hole Binaries in Galaxies within 500 Mpc". The Astrophysical Journal. 914 (2): 121. arXiv:2101.02716. Bibcode:2021ApJ...914..121A. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abfcd3. ISSN 0004-637X.
  12. ^ a b "New General Catalog Objects: NGC 1400 - 1449". cseligman.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  13. ^ a b c Loni, Alessandro; Serra, Paolo; Sarzi, Marc; Józsa, Gyula I. G.; Anta, Pablo M. Galán-de; Zabel, Nikki; Kleiner, Dane; Maccagni, Filippo M.; Molnár, Daniel; Ramatsoku, Mpati; Loi, Francesca; Corsini, Enrico M.; Pisano, D. J.; Kamphuis, Peter; Davis, Timothy A. (2023-07-01). "NGC 1436: the making of a lenticular galaxy in the Fornax Cluster". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 523 (1): 1140–1152. arXiv:2305.05709. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.523.1140L. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1422. ISSN 0035-8711.
  14. ^ Iodice, E.; Sarzi, M.; Bittner, A.; Coccato, L.; Costantin, L.; Corsini, E. M.; van de Ven, G.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Falcón-Barroso, J.; Gadotti, D. A.; Lyubenova, M.; Martín-Navarro, I.; McDermid, R. M.; Nedelchev, B.; Pinna, F. (2019-07-01). "The Fornax3D project: Tracing the assembly history of the cluster from the kinematic and line-strength maps". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 627: A136. arXiv:1906.08187. Bibcode:2019A&A...627A.136I. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935721. ISSN 0004-6361.
  15. ^ Raj, M. A.; Iodice, E.; Napolitano, N. R.; Spavone, M.; Su, H. -S.; Peletier, R. F.; Davis, T. A.; Zabel, N.; Hilker, M.; Mieske, S.; Falcon Barroso, J.; Cantiello, M.; van de Ven, G.; Watkins, A. E.; Salo, H. (2019-08-01). "The Fornax Deep Survey with the VST. VII. Evolution and structure of late type galaxies inside the virial radius of the Fornax cluster". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 628: A4. arXiv:1906.08704. Bibcode:2019A&A...628A...4R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935433. ISSN 0004-6361.
  16. ^ Loni, A.; Serra, P.; Kleiner, D.; Cortese, L.; Catinella, B.; Koribalski, B.; Jarrett, T. H.; Molnar, D. Cs.; Davis, T. A.; Iodice, E.; Lee-Waddell, K.; Loi, F.; Maccagni, F. M.; Peletier, R.; Popping, A. (2021-04-01). "A blind ATCA HI survey of the Fornax galaxy cluster. Properties of the HI detections". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 648: A31. arXiv:2102.01185. Bibcode:2021A&A...648A..31L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039803. ISSN 0004-6361.
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