Šumma sinništu qaqqada rabât
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The text with the incipit protasis Šumma sinništu qaqqada rabât, inscribed in cuneiform: DIŠ MUNUS SAG.DU GAL-at,[1] “If a Woman is Large of Head” (apodosis: išarru, “she will prosper’), is an ancient Mesopotamian collection of physiognomic omens, or oracles based on a woman's anatomical features, where the apodosis either predicts the fortune of the individual or makes snap judgements about them based on their physical appearance. It is an Akkadian two-tablet[2]: 73 composition dedicated to a woman's prognostication and is often considered a subsection or extension of the greater twenty-seven tablet work, Alamdimmû, concerning physiognomic omens in general.
Synopsis[edit]
The text as we now have it extends to around 265 lines based on the collation of four extant fragmentary exemplars. It seems to have been intended to draw a comparison between a woman's physical traits and her later, post-marital, personality, thus enabling a suitor to predict her suitability for betrothal. The ideal characteristics do not necessarily represent beauty, as “a propitious woman can be quite homely or downright ugly.”[3] The features of the body are arranged, ištu muḫḫi adi šēpē, from head to foot, a characteristic of other works edited by the 11th Century BC ummânū, or chief scholar, Esagil-kin-apli, in whose late Babylonian catalogue it appears listed with three catch-lines, where features on the left are generally auspicious and those on the right are not from the point of view of the observer.[4]: 398
The text is divided by horizontal lines into subsections, each with the theme of a body-part, including hands, fingers, chest, breasts, nipples, belly, navel, vaginal labia and toes. A typical sample of the text's contents is given by this series of omens based on the first of these:
šumma sinništum qātāša ba՚lā bit dulli ippuš
šumma qattanā muštamriṣat
šumma arkā išarru ilānât
šumma karâ ulappan
If a woman's hands are abnormally large, she will build a house of labor/misery
If they are small, she is a hypochondriac
If they are long, she will be rich, she is divine
If they are short, she will be poor— Lines 100-103[5]: 223
Towards the end of the work it moves to describe portents concerning the appearance of the whole body:
If the forehead glows, a tooth protrudes, the nose is straight, the lips are thin, the chin is flat, hands and feet are pointed, (and) she is covered with ḫalû and umṣatu-marks, ... this woman ..., she is near to the god, she is cheerful, barley and silver are set in place for her, she will acquire barley and silver, her days are long, (and) a basket she will not carry before her.
— Lines 250-255[2]: 109
Primary publication[edit]
- Barbara Böck (2000). Die babylonisch-Assyrische Morphoskopie (AfOB 27). Institut für Orientalistik der Universität Wien. pp. 148–173.
References[edit]
- ^ Irving L. Finkel (1988). "Adad-apla-iddina, Esagil-kin-apli, and the series SA.GIG". In Erle Leichty; Maria Dej Ellis (eds.). A Scientific Humanist: Studies in Memory of Abraham Sachs. Philadelphia: University Museum. p. 152.
- ^ a b Mladen Popovic (2007). Reading the Human Body: Physiognomics and Astrology in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Hellenistic-Early Roman Period Judaism. Brill. pp. 73, 109.
- ^ Geoffrey David Miller (2011). Marriage in the Book of Tobit. De Gruyter. p. 55. note 140.
- ^ Jo Ann Scurlock (2003). "Reviewed Work: Die Babylonisch-Assyrische Morphoskopie by Barbara Böck". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (2): 395–399. doi:10.2307/3217697. JSTOR 3217697.
- ^ Victor Avigdor Hurowitz (2005). "The Woman of Valor and A Woman Large of Head: Matchmaking in the Ancient Near East". In Ronald L. Troxel; Kelvin G. Friebel; Dennis Robert Magary (eds.). Seeking Out the Wisdom of the Ancients: Essays Offered to Honor Michael V. Fox on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday. Eisenbrauns. pp. 222–228.