August Ludwig Hülsen

August Ludwig Hülsen (3 March 1765 – 24 September 1809), also known by the pseudonym Hegekern, was a German philosopher, writer and pedagogue of early German Romanticism. His thought played a role in the development of German idealism.

Hülsen was born in Aken. In 1785 he enrolled at the university of Halle to study theology. He attended Friedrich August Wolf's lectures on classical philology. After his initial studies he rejected office as a preacher and became a private tutor, active in Görtzke bei Ziesar.^[4] As a tutor he was able to meet Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, an important writer of German Romanticism.^[2] In 1794 he enrolled for the University of Kiel and attended the lectures of Karl Leonhard Reinhold, a leading interpreter of Kant's philosophy. In 1795 Hülsen shifted to the University of Jena, where J. G. Fichte had succeeded Reinhold as a teacher. During this time he was also associated with the Gesellschaft der freien Männer.^[5]

Around 1799 Hülsen attempted to establish his own Socratic school, but the project failed. During the same period Hülsen had picked up his literary work in collaboration with the Jena Romantics.^[2] He later distanced himself from this circle; instead of writing scholarly treatises Hülsen wanted to promote a more "popular" spiritual culture.^[6]

In 1803 Hülsen was invited by his friend Johann Erich von Berger and some other ex-members of the Gesellschaft to join their agricultural community in Holstein. He simultaneously ended his correspondence with the circle of Friedrich Schlegel. Hülsen was strongly opposed to their growing sympathy for the medieval past, which he considered reactionary.^[7] In 1804 Hülsen received a farm from his friends in the small village of Wagersrott. Henrik Steffens visited him here and reported that Hülsen and Berger had become interested in Naturphilosophie and that the both of them had conducted several experiments.

In 1809 Hülsen moved with his family to Stechow near Rathenow, and he died there on 24 September, at age 44.

His Preisschrift illustrates the development of a Fichtean history of reason, in which the dawn of modern critical philosophy is a central achievement after a series of antitheses of systems and doctrines. It is important to note that his concept of a historical development of philosophical reason in general has preceded that of Friedrich Schelling and Georg Hegel. Hülsen also states that humanity strives after one determined universal goal (bestimmten Zweck).^[3] Fichte was pleased with Hülsen's achievement and acknowledged his Preisschrift as a text that could facilitate the reading of his own Wissenschaftslehre.^[8]

After finishing his Preisschrift Hülsen published other philosophical treatises in a number of journals. Most of these writings are characterized by a Fichtean style combined with more personal themes of Hülsen, such as universal equality, Bildung etc. Hülsen does not support a society of Gelehrten but rather reacts to a confused academic world where theoretical systems on truth and Buchstabe reign supreme. In opposition to these Hülsen promotes Geist, ein kindlicher Sinn for the truth and Leben. Other students of Fichte are characterized by the same evolution, such as Schelling and Novalis. For Hülsen it was crucial not to write philosophical books and treatises, but to express true philosophy into living speech and the practice of life. It was thus necessary to refrain from writing and to live in harmony with nature, family and neighbour.

Although Hülsen was considered a part of the Schlegel Kreis for a short period, he did differ from the circle's defining traits in a number of ways. For instance, he did not idealise art or the medieval period. In a reaction to Christianity he praised the wisdom of Ancient Greece and its mythology.^[9] Hülsen came into contact with ancient literature while attending Friedrich August Wolf's lectures on philology at the University of Halle. Accounts from Rist and Fouqué also point out that Hülsen's individual philosophy was shaped and influenced by Plato's (that is Platonic Socrates') philosophy and its theory of ideas.^[10]

• Wilhelm Flitner: August Ludwig Hülsen und der Bund der freien Männer. Naumburg (Saale) 1913.
• Wilhelm Flitner: Hülsen, August Ludwig. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Vol. 9, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-428-00190-7, pp. 734–736.
• Ezequiel L. Posesorski: Between Reinhold and Fichte: August Ludwig Hülsen's Contribution to the Emergence of German Idealism. Karlsruhe: Karlsruher Institut Für Technologie, 2012.
• Carl von Prantl: Hülsen, August Ludwig. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Vol. 13, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1881, p. 333.

• Josef Körner (ed.): Krisenjahre der Romantik. Briefe aus dem Schlegelkreis. Drei Bände, Brünn 1936 bis 1958.
• Ulrich Krämer: "... meine Philosophie ist kein Buch". August Ludwig Hülsen (1765–1809). Leben und Schreiben eines Selbstdenkers und Symphilosophen zur Zeit der Frühromantik., Frankfurt am Main 2001.
• Guido Naschert: August Ludwig Hülsens erster Beitrag zur philosophischen Frühromantik. In: Athenäum. Jahrbuch für Romantik 8 (1998), S. 111–135.
• K. Obenauer: August Ludwig Hülsen. Seine Schriften und seine Beziehungen zur Romantik, Erlangen 1910.
• Arno Schmidt: Fouqué und einige seiner Zeitgenossen, Stahlberg-Verlag, Karlsruhe 1958.
• Matthias Wolfes: August Ludwig Hülsen. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Vol. 17, Bautz, Herzberg 2000, ISBN 3-88309-080-8, Sp. 646–663.