Beretta 92

From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Beretta 92
Beretta 92A1
TypeSemi-automatic pistol
Place of originItaly
Service history
In service1976–present
Used bySee Users
Production history
Designed1975
ManufacturerBeretta
Produced1976–present
No. built3,500,000[1]
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass
  • 950 grams (34 oz) (92)
  • 970 grams (34 oz) (92S/SB/F/G)
  • 920 grams (32 oz) (92D)
  • 900 grams (32 oz) (Compact/Vertec)
Length
  • 217 millimetres (8.5 in)
  • 211 millimetres (8.3 in) (Vertec)
  • 197 millimetres (7.8 in) (Compact/Centurion)
Barrel length
  • 125 millimetres (4.9 in)
  • 119 millimetres (4.7 in) (Vertec/Elites/Border Marshal/Combo)
  • 109 millimetres (4.3 in) (Compact/Centurion)
Cartridge
ActionShort recoil, hinged locking piece assisted breechblock
Muzzle velocity381 m/s (1,250 ft/s)
Effective firing range50 m (160 ft)
Feed systemDetachable box magazine:
  • 10, 15, 17, 18, 20, 30, 32 rounds (92, 98 series)
  • 10, 11, 12, 13, 15 rounds (96 series)
  • 10, 13 rounds (Compact L)
  • 8 rounds (Compact Type M)

The Beretta 92 (also Beretta 96 and Beretta 98) is a series of semi-automatic pistols designed and manufactured by Beretta of Italy. The Beretta 92 was designed in 1975, and production began in 1976. Many variants in several calibers continue to be used to the present.

The United States military replaced the .45 ACP M1911A1 pistol in 1985 with the Beretta 92FS, designated as the "M9".

History

[edit]

The Beretta 92 pistol evolved from earlier Beretta designs, most notably the M1923 and M1951. From the M1923 comes the open slide design, while the alloy frame and the hinged locking block, originally from Walther P38, were first used in the M1951. The grip angle and the front sight integrated with the slide were also common to earlier Beretta pistols. What were perhaps the Model 92's two most important advanced design features had first appeared on its immediate predecessor, the 1974 .380 caliber Model 84. These improvements both involved the magazine, which featured direct feed; that is, there was no feed ramp between the magazine and the chamber (a Beretta innovation in pistols). In addition, the magazine was a "double-stacked" design, a feature originally introduced in 1935 on the Browning Hi-Power.[2]

Carlo Beretta, Giuseppe Mazzetti and Vittorio Valle, all experienced firearms designers, contributed to the final design in 1975.[3]

Evolution

[edit]

92

[edit]

Production began in May 1976, and ended in February 1983. Approximately 7,000 units were of the first "step slide" design and 45,000 were of the second "straight slide" type.[4]

92S

[edit]

In order to meet the requirements of some law enforcement agencies, Beretta modified the Beretta 92 by adding a slide-mounted combined safety and decocking lever, replacing the frame-mounted manual thumb safety. This resulted in the 92S, which was adopted by several Italian law enforcement and military units. The magazine release button is at the bottom of the grip as is customary in Europe. This model was produced from 1978 to 1982. The name "92S" means "Sicurezza", or "patent", in Italian. The "S" signifies a new change to the design's patent.

92SB (92S-1)

[edit]

The 92SB, initially called 92S-1, was specifically designed for the USAF trials. The 92SB model name was officially adopted after winning. "92SB" means "Sicurezza Blocco", meaning "safety block" in Italian. This refers to both the slide-mounted safety and the internal firing pin block. Other improvements include ambidextrous safety levers, 3-dot sights and relocating the magazine release catch from the bottom of the grip to the lower bottom of the trigger guard. The later relocation of the magazine release button means preceding models (92 & 92S) cannot necessarily use later magazines, unless they have notches in both areas.[5]

A compact version with a shortened barrel and slide and 13-round magazine capacity known as the 92SB Compact was manufactured from 1981 to 1991.[5]

92F (92SB-F)

[edit]

A gold-plated, diamond-encrusted Beretta 92F 9mm Parabellum pistol with matching suppressor confiscated from a safehouse belonging to Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán"[6]
French military PAMAS G1 version of the 92F with a decocking-only lever

In 1984 Beretta introduced a version of the model 92SB slightly modified to create the 92SB-F (the "F" meaning "Federale", or "Federal" in Italian, added to denote entry of the model in U.S. Government federal testing) by making the following changes:

  • Design of all the parts to make them 100% interchangeable to simplify maintenance for large government organizations.
  • Squared off the front of the trigger guard. The squared-off trigger guard protects both the gun and the shooter during hand-to-hand combat.[7] Some have suggested that the square guard enables the shooter to grip the front of the trigger guard with the supporting forefinger to enhance aiming; however, firearms trainer and Beretta collaborator Ernest Langdon says that using the forefinger to grip the front of the trigger guard is improper technique.[8][undue weight? – discuss]
  • Recurved the forward base of the grip to aid aiming.
  • Hard chromed the bore to protect it from corrosion and to reduce wear.
  • New surface coating on the slide called Bruniton, which purportedly provides better corrosion resistance than the previous plain blued finish.[9]: 16 
Vector-graphic of model 92FS
A Beretta 92FS Inox with the slide retracted, showing the exposed ejection port and barrel mechanism
A Beretta 92FS Inox stainless steel pistol

The French military adopted a modified version of the 92F with a decocking-only lever as the PAMAS G1. These pistols have tellurium in the slide, making the French made steel brittle, and as such only have a service life of approximately 6,000 rounds. The French military fitted new Italian made steel slides to its PAMAS G1 pistols before they reached that round count.[10]

92FS

[edit]
See also: Beretta M9

The 92FS has an enlarged hammer pin that fits into a groove on the underside of the slide. The main purpose is to stop the slide from flying off the frame to the rear if it cracks, potentially injuring the user. The "S" in "92FS" signifies either "Scivolo" (meaning "slide") or "Sicurezza" (meaning "patent" or "safe") in Italian, due to the design's improved and safer slide in case of a catastrophic failure. This was in response to reported defective slides during U.S. military testing.[11] Beretta discovered in an investigation that the slides had passed high-pressure proof testing and magnetic particle inspection when they were made, and metallurgical analysis showed that they had indeed been made to the proper specification. In reality, the guns were cracking and being blown apart due to improperly made ammunition, which was far more powerful than NATO specifications. Beretta filed a defamation lawsuit against the United States government and won. As a result of this lawsuit, all design changes and modifications to existing pistols were done at the government’s expense.[12][13]

The 92FS also came as a 92FS Centurion model which featured the shorter barrel and slide of the 92 Compact on a full-size 92FS frame.

Design

[edit]

The Beretta 92's open slide design ensures smooth feeding and ejection of ammunition and allows easy clearing of obstructions. The hard-chromed barrel bore reduces barrel wear and protects it from corrosion. The falling locking block design provides good accuracy and operability with suppressors due to the in-line travel of the barrel. This is in contrast to the complex travel of Browning designed barrels. The magazine release button is reversible with simple field tools. Reversing the magazine release makes left-handed operation much easier.

Increasingly, it has become popular to reduce handgun weight and cost as well as increase corrosion resistance by using polymers. Starting around the year 2000, Beretta began replacing some parts with polymer and polymer coated metal. Polymer parts include the recoil spring guide rod (which is now also fluted), magazine floor plate, magazine follower and the mainspring cap/lanyard loop. Polymer coated metal parts include the left side safety lever, trigger, and magazine release button.[14]

Magazines

[edit]

To keep in line with the introduction of laws in some locations restricting magazines that hold more than 10 rounds, Beretta now manufactures magazines that hold fewer than the factory-standard 15 rounds. These magazines have heavier crimping (deeper indentations in the side) to reduce the available space while still keeping the same external dimensions and ensuring that these magazines can be used on existing firearms. Beretta also produces 15-round "Sand Resistant" magazines to resolve issues encountered with contractor-made magazines, and 17-round magazines included with the A1 models. Both magazines function in earlier 92 series and M9 model pistols.

Italian magazine manufacturer Mec-Gar now produces magazines in blue and nickel finishes with an 18-round capacity, which fit flush in the magazine well on the 92 series. Mec-Gar also produces an extended 20-round blued magazine that protrudes below the frame by 3⁄4 inch (19 mm). These magazines provide users in unrestricted states with a larger capacity magazine.

Variants

[edit]

The Beretta 92 is available in many configurations and models:

Models

[edit]

92D / 92DS
(1990–1998)
The 92D is a double action only variant of the 92FS with no safety/decocker lever. The "D" signifies the Italian word "Doppio", meaning "Double-action". The 92D was discontinued by 1998. The 92DS (meaning "92D-Safety") is essentially a standard double-action/single-action Beretta 92FS with a safety/decock lever but the flat spurless hammer of the 92D.
Beretta 92 Compact L owned by the Royal Malaysia Police

92G / 92G-SD
(2002–present)
The 92G is a redesigned version of the 92FS with the safety eliminated, making for a decocker-only slide. The "G" signifies "Gendarmerie National", the French national police force that the pistol was designed for. While the standard 92G was discontinued in 2005, the 92G slide design is still being used on various Beretta designs, including the M9A4. The Wilson Combat 92G Brigadier Tactical has been produced since 2014.[15] The Wilson Combat 92G Brigadier pistols differ from the standard Brigadier in that they have a military standard 1913 picatinny rail, all steel controls (as opposed to the polymer coated steel), decock only feature (G-model), 4.7" target crowned barrel, fluted steel guiderod, thin profile G-10 grips, rounded trigger guard, the lighter hammer spring used in the "D" model, Elite II hammer, and their own unique serial number with a "WC" prefix among other features.
Vertec
(2001–2007, 2014–2018)
The Vertec is a variant of the 92-series with a re-contoured, straight backstrap, removable sights, 1-slot accessory rail, flared magwell, and 4.7 inch barrel. Although the standard Vertec has been discontinued, the Vertec style backstrap design has been retained on newer, more advanced models such as the M9A3, M9A4 and 92X.
90Two
(2006–2012)
The 90two is a 9mm/.40 variant of the 92-series with a redesigned, thicker slide and frame to accommodate an accessory rail, fully dovetailed front sight and .40 S&W pressures. Other features added include a captive recoil spring, internal recoil buffer, user changeable monogrips and 17-round magazines.[16]

92A1 / 96A1
(2010–present)
The 92A1 and 96A1 were introduced in 2010, based on elements from the 92FS and 90two. It is somewhat of a civilian version of the M9A1, but it has the standard 92-series grip profile, two slots in the accessory rail and a round trigger guard.[17]
Centennial
(2015)
The 92 FS Centennial limited edition (500 units) commemorates adoption by the Italian Military of Beretta's earliest semi-automatic pistol, the Model 1915. This Centennial 92 is notable for its frame-mounted manual safety and single-action-only mechanism. The Beretta medallion in each wood grip panel displays the anniversary dates in Roman numerals, which are also engraved on either side of the steel slide. The pistol is packaged in a custom M2A1 ammunition can bearing the Centennial logo.[18][19]
M9A1
(2006–present)
The M9A1 was adopted by the USMC in 2006. It adds a 1-slot Picatinny rail, more aggressive front and backstrap checkering and a beveled magazine well for easier reloading of the weapon. M9A1 pistols are sold with physical vapor deposition (PVD) coated magazines developed to better withstand the conditions in the sandy environments in Iraq and Afghanistan.[20]
M9A3
(2015–present)
The M9A3 (originally called the M9A2, but the name was changed because it was not adopted) was released in 2015 as a potential upgrade for the US military, in response to the Modular Handgun System trials. The main updates to the M9A3 were a 3-slot Picatinny rail, thinner vertical grip, removable wrap-around grips that can be swapped between Vertec-style and 'old' M9 style,[21] fully removable tritium night sights and a universal slide, which makes the gun convertible from decocker-safety to decocker-only mode. The tip of the barrel is pre-threaded to facilitate addition of a suppressor.[22] Additionally, the M9A3 comes with 17-round sand-resistant magazines in a beveled shape for easier reloading.
M9A4
(2021–present)
The M9A4 was released in 2021 as a direct upgrade for the M9A3. The main updates to the M9A4 include red-dot optic compatible slide and dovetailed tritium night sights, enhanced short reset Xtreme Trigger System, 18-round sand-resistant magazines, and texturized Vertec-style thin grips.
Beretta/Wilson 92G Brigadier Combat, a cooperative effort of Wilson Combat and Beretta. It features heavy Brigadier Slide, stainless match barrel, single function ambi-decock and a refined action.
Elite LTT - Langdon Tactical
The Elite LTT was introduced by Beretta in 2018, in conjunction with firearms trainer Ernest Langdon. The LTT uses the Vertec slide with front cocking serrations on a modified M9A1 frame, and wears Langdon Tactical G10 grips. The pistol comes equipped with G-Model decocker, dovetailed front sight, steel trigger and guide rod, improved springs, and a 4.7 inch stainless barrel with target crown, just to name a few of the more prominent features.[23][24]
92X
(2019–present)
The 92X was introduced in 2019 as an update to the 92-series and standardization of the Vertec platform. Similar to the M9A3, it features a 3-slot Picatinny rail, thinner vertical grip, removable wrap-around grips that can be swapped between Vertec-style and 'old' M9 style, fully removable sights (High visibility orange dot) and a universal slide, which makes the gun convertible from decocker-safety to decocker-only mode. Unlike the M9A3, the barrel is not threaded. The 92X series comes in compact, centurion, and full size variants. The "X" signifies the "Xtreme-S" trigger system, which reduces trigger reset by 40%, and is adjustable for pre-travel (in single action only models), as well as overtravel.[25] The 92X Performance was introduced in 2019, alongside the 92X, as a competition pistol. Similar to the 92X, it features a 3-slot Picatinny rail, thinner Vertec-style grip, removable wrap-around grips that can be swapped between Vertec-style and 'old' M9 style, dovetailed sights. The 92X Performance however includes a red fiber optic front sight, adjustable rear sight, front and rear slide serrations, skeletonized hammer, competition hammer spring, steel spring recoil rod, extended beavertail, front and rear frame checkering, oversized magazine release, and match take down lever. The Vertec frame is made of steel rather than alloy, increasing the weight to 48 ounces. The 92X Performance utilizes a frame mounted safety compared to the slide mounted safety of the standard 92X.
92XI
(2023–present)
The 92XI was introduced in 2023 as an update to the 92-series including a frame-mounted safety similar to the 1911 platform. Unlike prior models, the 92XI is single-action only, with no double-action trigger pull in the Extreme-S flat-faced trigger. This hybridization is behind the XI moniker, as XI is eleven in Roman numerals, making the name ninety-two eleven. Similar to the M9A3, it features a 3-slot Picatinny rail, the thinner vertec frame and fully removable sights (High visibility fiber optic front). The 92XI comes in the base model as well as a Tactical model with a threaded barrel and DLC-coated trigger components, and a Squalo ("Shark") edition that brings a different color scheme and adds a Toni system magwell.
92 GTS
(2024–present)
The 92 GTS was introduced in 2024 as an update to the 92XI series, adding a double-action/single-action option to the platform through a newly designed "twin sear" and decocker-only configuration, hence the GTS name (G-series, Twin Sear). The 92GTS has a standard model as well as a Launch Edition that comes in a two-tone finish with wood grips.
Beretta M9A3 (earth-tone finish)

93R machine pistol

[edit]
Main article: Beretta 93R

The Beretta 93R is a significantly redesigned 92 to provide the option of firing in three-round bursts. It also has a longer ported barrel, heavier slide, fitting for a shoulder stock, a folding forward grip, and an extended magazine. Unlike other Berettas in the 90 series it is single-action only, does not have a decocker, and very few are around today.[9]: 12–13 

Copies

[edit]
Turkish Beretta 92 copy, the Yavuz 16 Compact

The Beretta 92 was designed for sports and law enforcement use and, due to its reliability, was accepted by military users in countries all over the world.

Brazil
After a large order of original 92s for the Brazilian military had been completed, the factory was sold to Taurus, who continued to make the gun as the PT92.
Egypt
Egypt had produced the Beretta 92 under license as the Helwan 920 with the magazine release button at the bottom of the magazine.[26]
South Africa
Vektor Z-88 (see also Vektor SP1).
Turkey
Turkish companies MKEK and Girsan manufactured a copy of the Beretta 92F as the Yavuz 16 for the Turkish Armed Forces and General Directorate of Security.[27][28] There has been speculation that these were being made under contract from Beretta. Some of these pistols were imported into the United States by the company American Tactical Imports as the American Tactical 92 or AT-92. The Yavuz 16 was exported to Canada, Colombia, Georgia, Malaysia, Syria[29] and Philippines.[30]

Users

[edit]
A map with Beretta 92 users in blue
User Organization Model Quantity Date Reference
 Albania Albanian police and special police forces [31]
 Algeria Special Intervention Detachment Beretta 92FS [32][33]
 Argentina Gendarmaria Nacional Beretta 92FS [34]
Police Forces Beretta 92FS Compact L 58+ [34]
 Brazil Brazilian Armed Forces Taurus PT-92 [32]
 Canada Vancouver Police Department, being phased out in favor of the SIG Sauer P226 [35]
 Colombia Colombian Army
Colombian Navy
Colombian Air Force
Colombian Naval Infantry 		Beretta M9
Yavuz 16[29] 		[32]
 Egypt Egyptian Army Helwan 920 [36]
 France French Military, Gendarmerie Nationale PAMAS G1 100,000 (97,502 in 2002) 1989 [37][38][39]
 Georgia Georgian Police Yavuz 16 _ _ [29]
 India Mizoram Armed Police, MARCOS 92S [40]
 Indonesia Komando Pasukan Khusus (Kopassus) special forces group of the Indonesian Army _ _ _ [41]
Komando Pasukan Katak (Kopaska) tactical diver group of the Indonesian Navy _ _
 Italy Italian Armed Forces and various police forces [38][42]
 Ivory Coast Unknown users Beretta 92F [43]
 Japan Various specialized detective units of the Prefectural Police Departments Vertec _ _ [44]
 Jordan Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF) M9 _ _ [32]
 Kuwait _ _ _ [45]
 Luxembourg Unité Spéciale de la Police of the Grand Ducal Police 92F _ [46][47][48]
 Libya Libyan National Army (LNA) M9 _ _ [32]
 Malaysia 10 Paratrooper Brigade rapid deployment forces of the Malaysian Army 92FS [49]
Grup Gerak Khas special forces of the Malaysian Army _
Royal Malaysia Police 92 Compact L _ _ [50]
 Malta Armed Forces of Malta 92FS [51]
 Mexico Various branches of the armed forces _ _ [35]
 Monaco Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince _ [52]
 Morocco 2010 [32]
 Nigeria 2010
 Pakistan Pakistan Army, Pakistan Navy, Law Enforcement 92F [53]
 Peru Armed Forces of Peru, Peruvian National Police _ _ 2010 [32]
 Philippines Armed Forces of the Philippines, Philippine National Police,Bureau of Corrections _ _ _ [54]
 Portugal Military Police _ _ _ [55]
 Russia Law enforcement groups _ _ 2010 [56]
 Slovenia Slovenian Armed Forces 92FS _ 1991 [57]
 South Africa South African Police Service Vektor Z88 _ 1992 [58]
 Sudan _ _ _ [32]
 Syria Syrian Army Yavuz 16 _ _ [29]
 Thailand Royal Thai Armed Forces, Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy, Royal Thai Marine Corps, Royal Thai Air Force, Royal Thai Police, Border Patrol Police 92FS _ _ [59]
 Turkey Turkish Armed Forces Yavuz 16[29] _ _ [32]
General Directorate of Security Yavuz 16[29] _ _ [32]
 United Kingdom Bermuda Regiment 92F [60]
 United States US Armed Forces, designated as the M9 92FS _ 1985 [38][42]
US Border Patrol 96D _ _ [32]
Connecticut State Police 92 _ 1981 [61]
Minneapolis Police Department 96D _ _ [62][63]
Montgomery County Police Department 92D - - [64]
Prince George's County Police Department 92F 1,200 1988 [65]
Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) 92F & 92FS - - [66]
Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department 92FS & 90-Two - - [67]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The US Army chooses Beretta". Excellence (10). Beretta S.p.A: 27. 13 July 2009. Archived from the original on 2017-03-17. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  2. ^ Gangarosa, Gene Jr. (1994). Modern Beretta Firearms. South Hackensack, NJ: Stoeger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-88317-174-5.
  3. ^ "Model 92FS: 15 years of evolution and success". Beretta Web. 2009. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  4. ^ Wilson, Robert Lawrence (2000). The World of Beretta: An International Legend. New York: Random House. pp. 207, 234. ISBN 978-0-375-50149-4.
  5. ^ a b Ayoob, Massad (2011). Gun Digest Book of Beretta Pistols: Function / Accuracy / Performance. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-1-4402-2424-9.
  6. ^ "Beretta 92F 9MM Parabellum Pistol". DEA Museum. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  7. ^ SmallArmsSolutions (9 November 2018). "Beretta 92A1". YouTube. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  8. ^ Langdon, Ernest (4 December 2018). "Proper Handgun Grip - Drills and Training". YouTube. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  9. ^ a b Thompson, Leroy (2012). The Beretta M9 Pistol. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-837-4.[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ "PAMAS G1 pistol". ARRSEpedia. Archived from the original on 2018-02-09. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
  11. ^ Lawrence, Erik; Pannone, Mike (19 February 2015). Beretta 92FS/M9 Handbook. Erik Lawrence Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-941998-55-7.
  12. ^ "Last Line of Defense: A History of the Beretta M9 - Marine Corps Association".
  13. ^ "Lawsuit Says Beretta's Reputation Will be Shot if Gm Keeps Using Name". 30 January 2024.
  14. ^ Ayoob, Massad (28 September 2007). The Gun Digest Book of Combat Handgunnery. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4402-1825-5.
  15. ^ "Beretta/Wilson 92G Brigadier Tactical". Wilson Combat. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-04.
  16. ^ Cassell, Jay (7 October 2014). Shooter's Bible: The World's Bestselling Firearms Reference. Skyhorse Publishing Company, Inc. p. 1228. ISBN 978-1-63220-123-2.
  17. ^ "92A1". Beretta USA. Archived from the original on 2010-09-06. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
  18. ^ "Beretta Announces Limited Edition 92 Centennial Pistol". American Rifleman. National Rifle Association. 28 May 2015. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. The original Beretta Model 1915 was adopted by the Italian forces one month after Italy entered World War I.
  19. ^ Shelton, Elwood (12 June 2015). "Beretta Celebrates Pistol Milestone with 92 Centennial". Gun Digest. F+W Media. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  20. ^ "Model M9A1 9mm". Beretta Web. Archived from the original on 2010-03-12. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
  21. ^ Baker, Chris (January 20, 2015). "Beretta M9A3 – A First Look At The M9 Done Right". Lucky Gunner. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
  22. ^ Mizokami, Kyle (25 November 2018). "Meet the Gun the U.S. Army Said No To". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  23. ^ Marshall, Tom (June 19, 2019). "Beretta 92FS: Breathing New Life Into an Aging Warhorse". Recoil.
  24. ^ "Featured Products". Langdon Tactical. Archived from the original on 2018-08-21. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  25. ^ "Xtreme-S".
  26. ^ Alberts, Kristin (5 February 2013). "The Helwan 920: Cheap Knock-Off or Beretta-Quality?". Guns.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  27. ^ "REGARD MC - Siyah". Girsan (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  28. ^ "Yavuz 16". Modern Firearms. 22 October 2010. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  29. ^ a b c d e f "References". Girsan. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  30. ^ "PCG gets new pistols, heavy machine guns". Manila Bulletin.
  31. ^ "Albania: Special Operations and Counterterrorist Forces". Special Operations. Archived from the original on 2013-08-22. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Diez, Octavio, ed. (2000). Hand Guns. Encyclopaedia of Armament & Technology. Barcelona: LEMA Publications, S.L. ISBN 84-8463-013-7.
  33. ^ Vivenot, Emmanuel (March 2013). "Prise d'otages massive au Sahara" [Massive hostage-taking in the Sahara]. RAIDS (in French). No. 322. Histoire & Collections. p. 56. ISSN 0769-4814.
  34. ^ a b "wiw_sa_argentina - worldinventory". 2016-11-24. Archived from the original on 2016-11-24. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
  35. ^ a b Jones, Richard D., ed. (January 27, 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  36. ^ "Egypt". World Infantry Weapons. Archived from the original on 2016-03-12. Retrieved 2018-01-15 – via Google Sites.
  37. ^ "Pistolet automatique PAMAS G1". Ministère de la Défense (in French). 2011-12-13. Archived from the original on 2010-06-19. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
  38. ^ a b c Marchington, James (2004). The Encyclopedia of Handheld Weapons. Miami, FL: Lewis International, Inc. ISBN 1-930983-14-X.
  39. ^ "PAMAS G1". Groupement de Gendarmerie Départmentale du Rhône (in French). Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  40. ^ "Mizoram Police to Get Latest Weapons". Sinlung. 2010-09-14. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
  41. ^ "Kopassus & Kopaska – Specijalne Postrojbe Republike Indonezije" [Kopassus & Kopaska – Special Forces of the Republic of Indonesia]. Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 2010-08-22. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
  42. ^ a b Miller, David (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns. London, UK: Salamander Books. ISBN 1-84065-245-4.
  43. ^ Anders, Holger (June 2014). Identifier les sources d'approvisionnement: Les munitions de petit calibre en Côte d'Ivoire (PDF) (in French). Small Arms Survey and United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire. p. 15. ISBN 978-2-940-548-05-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
  44. ^ Kakitani, Tetsuya; Kikuchi, Masayuki (2008). Japanese counter-terrorism units (in Japanese). Sanshusha Co., Ltd. pp. 18–26. ISBN 978-4-38404-225-2.
  45. ^ Thompson, Leroy (20 September 2011). The Beretta M9 Pistol. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 88–. ISBN 978-1-84908-837-4.
  46. ^ "Equipment: Pistols". Unofficial Website of Unité Spéciale, Officially Endorsed. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  47. ^ "L'Unite d'Intervention de la Police Luxembourgeoise" (PDF). RAIDS (in French). No. 238. March 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Fjestad, S. P. Blue Book of Gun Values (26th ed.). Minneapolis: Blue Book Publications. ISBN 1-886768-55-2.
[edit]
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