Brunswick rifle

Brunswick Rifle
Type	Muzzle-loading rifle
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	British Army
Used by	British Empire, United States, Belgium, Nepal
Wars	British colonial conflicts Crimean War American Civil War
Production history
Designed	1836
Produced	1836–1885
Specifications
Mass	10 pounds (4.5 kg)
Barrel length	30 inches (760 mm)
Cartridge	Lead ball
Calibre	0.704 inches (17.9 mm)
Action	Percussion lock
Rate of fire	User dependent; usually 3–4 rounds a minute
Effective firing range	300 yards
Feed system	Muzzle-loaded

The Brunswick rifle was a large calibre (0.704 inches or 17.9 millimetres) muzzle-loading percussion rifle manufactured for the British Army at the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield in the early 19th century. Its name is derived from the historical German state of Brunswick because the British were experimenting with Hanoverian percussion cap technology during the period Great Britain and Hanover (1714–1837) had the same head of state.^[1]

The Brunswick rifle was one of several designs submitted to replace the Baker rifle. Unlike the Baker rifle, the Brunswick rifle used a special round ball with raised ribs that fit into two spiraling grooves in the barrel.

During its evaluation, it was noted that the Brunswick's unique round meant that the Brunswick rifle could not fire the standard British paper cartridges in use at the time. The rifle was also noted as being very heavy, and that it fired a relatively low velocity round. Despite these detriments, the rifle performed much better than expected, and the Master-General of Ordnance ordered the rifle to be produced with a 30-inch (76 cm) barrel of .654 inches (16.6 mm) caliber. The new rifle was designed to accept a bayonet, though the design was changed with the mounting moved farther back since experience had shown that the Baker rifle could not be fired with its bayonet fixed.

In December 1836, trials were conducted to compare the Brunswick rifle against the Baker rifle. The Brunswick rifle proved to be equally accurate at shorter ranges, and more accurate at longer ranges. The Brunswick rifle also proved to require less cleaning than the Baker rifle. Evaluators also noted that the simplified two groove design of the Brunswick was likely to have a longer service life than the barrel of the Baker, and the Brunswick rifle was noted as being very rugged overall. In January 1837, the rifle was approved for production.^[2]

Almost immediately, the caliber was changed from 0.654 inches (16.6 mm) to 0.704 inches (17.9 mm) under a new program of standardization. An altered pattern was submitted in August 1837, and the first bulk order of 1000 rifles was given on 25 October 1837. In January the following year, it became apparent that 600 of these would be required urgently for Col. Brown's Battalion of the Rifle Brigade and that the Enfield factory would not be able to supply them in time. Thus the whole order was put out to the trade in London at a charge of 38s per rifle. The first Brunswick rifles were made by the following gunmakers:

• Tomas Potts, 212;
• Wm. Heptinstall, 55;
• Barnett & Co., 212;
• Reynolds & Son, 55;
• Lacy & Reynolds, 210;
• Yeoman's & Son, 55;
• E. J. Baker, 146;
• Thomas Leigh, 55;
• William Parker, 80;
• W. Mills & Son, 55;
• R. E. Pritchett, 80;
• W. T. Bond, 55;
• Thomas Ashton, 80.

Production began in March 1838, and the first mass-produced rifles were issued to the Rifle Brigade, the Canadian Rifle Regiment, and a few specialized units in 1840.

The Brunswick rifle developed a reputation for being difficult to load, but was fairly well received and remained in production for almost 50 years. The rifle was used in England and assorted colonies and outposts throughout the world. Several refinements were made to the design during its production life, and production of the rifle was finally discontinued in 1885.^[3]

The Brunswick was also manufactured in Belgium. Limited numbers of Brunswick rifles were imported to the United States during the Civil War. Some of those ended up in the hands of units such as the 26th Louisiana Infantry, which was partly equipped with Brunswicks during the Siege of Vicksburg.

The Brunswick had a two groove barrel designed to accept a "belted" round ball. Like all rifles of the period, the Brunswick rifle suffered from the problem of being difficult to load. Rounds for rifles were required to fit tightly into the barrel so that the round would grip the rifling as it traveled down the barrel, imparting a spin to the round and improving its stability. Even though the rib and groove design of the Brunswick allowed it to use rounds that did not fit quite as tightly, the black powder used during this period would quickly foul the barrel, making even the Brunswick's design more and more difficult to load as the rifle was used.

Since the Brunswick used a round that was specifically designed to be mated with the grooves in the rifle, it had to be oriented properly in order to be loaded. This made the rifle difficult to load at night, when the grooves could not be seen.^[4]

The lock was originally a back action design, with the mainspring located behind the hammer. This design proved to be unpopular, as it weakened the wrist of the stock. Later Brunswick rifles featured a more conventional side action lock.

The stock was made of walnut, and featured a straight wrist and a low comb butt. A patch box with a hinged brass lid was located on the right side of the butt. Originally, the Brunswick rifle used a single compartment patch box. Later rifles used a slightly larger patch box with two compartments.

The ramrod pipes, trigger guard, and butt plate were all made of polished brass.

The rifle was designed to accept a sword type bayonet which mounted by use of a bayonet bar, similar to the design of that used on the Baker rifle. The bayonet bar was relocated further back due to problems that had been experienced with the Baker rifle.

The Brunswick rifle used a block front sight and a two position folding leaf rear sight which could be set for either 200 or 300 yards (180 or 270 m).^[5]

The rifle weighed approximately 9 to 10 lb (4.1 to 4.5 kg) (depending on the pattern) without the bayonet attached.

The Pattern 1836 featured the original back action lock and the single compartment patch box. The first of these were 0.654 inches (16.6 mm) caliber. This was changed fairly early in the rifle's life, and most were 0.704 inches (17.9 mm) caliber. All subsequent patterns were 0.704 inches (17.9 mm) caliber.

The Pattern 1840 featured a dual compartment patch box, and had several minor improvements to the Pattern 1836.

The Pattern 1841 replaced the back action lock with a side lock. However, this lock change was not put into manufacturing until 1845. This version also used a wrought iron barrel instead of twisted steel, and a simple plug that replaced the break-off breech plug used in earlier patterns.

The Pattern 1848 featured other minor improvements, and used an improved bayonet latch with the locking notch located halfway along the bayonet bar on its upper side. Only a few batches of rifles produced for the British Army were fitted with this improvement.

A heavier version in 0.796 inches (20.2 mm) caliber was produced for the Royal Navy.^[6]

Copies of the Brunswick rifle were made in Nepal, from approximately 1840 to 1860. These copies were apparently hand made, and as such their details varied slightly. There were two distinct versions, a "light" pattern that weighed approximately 7.5 lb (3.4 kg), and a version that was more similar to the standard Brunswick rifle that weighed over 9 lb (4.1 kg). It is estimated that approximately 10,000 to 12,000 of these were made in Nepal.^[7]

• British military rifles
• Rifles in the American Civil War

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brunswick rifle.

• The Brunswick Rifle