ILE romanization of Cantonese

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The Institute of Language in Education Scheme of Cantonese romanization (Chinese: 教院式拼音方案) or the ILE scheme, commonly known simply as the romanization used by the List of Cantonese Pronunciation of Commonly-used Chinese Characters (常用字廣州話讀音表), is a romanization system for Cantonese developed by Ping-Chiu Thomas Yu (Chinese: 余秉昭) in 1971,^[1][2] and subsequently modified by the Education Department of Hong Kong (now the Education Bureau) and Zhan Bohui (詹伯慧) of the Chinese Dialects Research Centre of the Jinan University, Guangdong, PRC, and honorary professor of the School of Chinese, University of Hong Kong. It is the only romanization system accepted by Education and Manpower Bureau of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority^{[citation needed]}.

The Institute of Education in its name refers to the Institute of Language in Education^[3]: 487 (語文教育學院^[3]: 423), which later became part of the Hong Kong Institute of Education, now the Education University of Hong Kong.

The ILE system directly corresponds to the S. L. Wong system, an IPA-based phonemic transcription system used in A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced According to the Dialect of Canton by Wong Shik Ling. Generally, if an IPA symbol is also a basic Latin letter, the same symbol is used directly in the romanization (with the exception of the IPA symbol "a"); and if the IPA symbol is not a basic Latin letter, it is romanized using basic Latin letters. Thus, /a/→aa, /ɐ/→a, /ɛ/→e, /ɔ/→o, /œ/→oe, /ŋ/→ng. This results in a system which is both easy to learn and type but is still useful for academics.

In the following table (based on Zhan's variant), the first row inside a cell shows the Cantonese Pinyin, the second row shows a representative "narrow transcription" in IPA, while the third row shows the corresponding IPA "broad transcription" using the S. L. Wong system.

• The finals m and ng can only be used as standalone nasal syllables.

The system recognises nine tones in six distinct tone contours.

Cantonese Pinyin and the Yale romanization system represent Cantonese pronunciations with these same letters:

• The initials: b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, ng, h, s, gw, kw, w.
• The vowels: aa (except when used alone), a, e, i, o, u.
• The nasal stops: m, ng.
• The codas: i (except for being the coda [y] in Yale), u, m, n, ng, p, t, k.

But they have these differences:

• The vowels oe represent [ɵ] and [œː] in Cantonese Pinyin while the eu represents both vowels in Yale.
• The vowel y represents [y] in Cantonese Pinyin while both yu (used in nucleus) and i (used in coda) are used in Yale.
• The initial j represents [j] in Cantonese Pinyin while y is used instead in Yale.
• The initial dz represents [ts] in Cantonese Pinyin while j is used instead in Yale.
• The initial ts represents [tsʰ] in Cantonese Pinyin while ch is used instead in Yale.
• In Cantonese Pinyin, if no consonant precedes the vowel y, then the initial j is appended before the vowel. In Yale, the corresponding initial y is never appended before yu under any circumstances.
• Some new finals can be written in Cantonese Pinyin that are not contained in Yale romanization schemes, such as: eu [ɛːu], em [ɛːm], and ep [ɛːp]. These three finals are used in colloquial Cantonese words, such as deu6 (掉), lem2 (舐), and gep9 (夾).
• To represent tones, only tone numbers are used in Cantonese Pinyin while Yale originally used tone marks together with the letter h (though tone numbers can be used in Yale as well).

Cantonese Pinyin and Jyutping represent Cantonese pronunciations with these same letters:

• The initials: b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, ng, h, s, gw, kw, j, w.
• The vowels: aa, a, e, i, o, u.
• The nasal stops: m, ng.
• The codas: i (except for being the coda [y] in Jyutping), u, m, n, ng, p, t, k.

But they have these differences:

• The vowels oe represent [ɵ] and [œː] in Cantonese Pinyin while eo and oe represent [ɵ] and [œː] respectively in Jyutping.
• The vowel y represents [y] in Cantonese Pinyin while both yu (used in nucleus) and i (used in coda) are used in Jyutping.
• The initial dz represents [ts] in Cantonese Pinyin while z is used instead in Jyutping.
• The initial ts represents [tsʰ] in Cantonese Pinyin while c is used instead in Jyutping.
• To represent tones, numbers 1 to 9 are usually used in Cantonese Pinyin, although to use 1, 3, 6 to replace 7, 8, 9 is acceptable. However, only numbers 1 to 6 are used in Jyutping.

An old Chinese poem:

• Yu, Bingzhao (1982). 同音字彙 [Rhyming Glossary]. Hong Kong: New Asia Publishing Company. OCLC 35516518.
• Zhan, Bohui (2004). 廣州話正音字典 [Dictionary of Standard Cantonese Pronunciation]. Guangdong People's Publishing House. ISBN 9787218039770.

• Website of Standard Chinese in Hong Kong
• an IME software using Cantonese Pinyin