Commemorations of Benjamin Banneker

From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

A United States postage stamp and the names of a number of recreational and cultural facilities, schools, streets and other facilities and institutions throughout the United States have commemorated Benjamin Banneker's documented and mythical accomplishments throughout the years since he lived (1731–1806) (see Mythology of Benjamin Banneker). Among such memorializations of this free African American almanac author, surveyor, landowner and farmer who had knowledge of mathematics, astronomy and natural history was a biographical verse that Rita Dove, a future Poet Laureate of the United States, wrote in 1983 while on the faculty of Arizona State University.

Benjamin Banneker postage stamp

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Jerry Pinckney (2011)

On February 15, 1980, during Black History Month, the United States Postal Service issued in Annapolis, Maryland, a 15 cent commemorative postage stamp that featured a portrait of Banneker.[1][2][3][4][5] An image of Banneker standing behind a short telescope mounted on a tripod was superimposed upon the portrait.[6] The device shown in the stamp resembles Andrew Ellicott's transit and equal altitude instrument (see Theodolite), which is now in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.[7]

The stamp was the third in the Postal Service's Black Heritage stamp series.[4][8] The featured portrait was one that Jerry Pinkney of Croton-on-Hudson, New York, who designed the first nine stamps in the series, had earlier placed on another approved version of the stamp.[9] Historian Silvio Bedini subsequently noted that, because no known portrait of Banneker exists, the stamp artist had based the portrait on "imagined features".[10]

Recreational and cultural facilities

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The names of a number of recreational and cultural facilities commemorate Banneker. These facilities include parks, playgrounds, community centers, museums and a planetarium.

Parks

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Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland

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A park commemorating Benjamin Banneker is located in a stream valley woodland at the former site of Banneker's farm and residence in Oella, Maryland, between Ellicott City and the City of Baltimore.[11][a 1] The Baltimore County Department of Recreation and Parks manages the $2.5 million facility, which was dedicated on June 9, 1998.[12]

The park, which encompasses 138 acres (56 ha) and contains archaeological sites and extensive nature trails, is the largest original African American historical site in the United States.[13] The primary focus of the park is a museum highlighting Banneker's contributions.[a 2] The museum contains a visitors center that features a collection of Banneker's works and artifacts, a community gallery, a gift shop and a patio garden.[13][14]

The park contains an 1850s stone farmhouse, now named the "Molly Banneky House". The three-story house was restored as an office complex in 2004.[15][a 3]

On November 12, 2009, officials opened a 224 square feet (20.8 m2) replica of Banneker's log cabin on the park grounds, reportedly two days before the 278th anniversary of Banneker's birth.[16][17][a 4] Baltimore County's delegation to the Maryland General Assembly secured a $400,000 state bond for the design and construction of the cabin.[16][18] The original estimated cost to construct the cabin in accordance with its drawings and specifications was $240,700.[19]

A historical marker that the Maryland Historical Society erected to commemorate Banneker stands on the grounds of the park.[20] The marker replaced the last of three earlier markers that vandals had previously destroyed, the first of which the Maryland State Roads Commission had installed nearby in 1954 on the grounds of the Westchester Grade School (now the Westchester Community Center).[21][a 5]

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  • Benjamin Banneker Museum (2017)
    Benjamin Banneker Museum (2017)
  • Replica of Banneker's log cabin (2017)
    Replica of Banneker's log cabin (2017)
  • Molly Banneky House (2017)
    Molly Banneky House (2017)
  • Stone Farmhouse historical marker (2017)
    Stone Farmhouse historical marker (2017)
  • Benjamin Banneker historical marker (2017)
    Benjamin Banneker historical marker (2017)
  • Museum interior (2017)
    Museum interior (2017)
  • Title page of a Baltimore edition of Banneker's 1793 almanac (2017)
    Title page of a Baltimore edition of Banneker's 1793 almanac (2017)
  • Pages from Banneker's almanac (2017)
    Pages from Banneker's almanac (2017)

Benjamin Banneker Park and Memorial, Washington, D.C.

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The plaza and fountain in Benjamin Banneker Park in Washington, D.C. in 2011
The Library of Congress looking north at Benjamin Banneker Park and Overlook with L'Enfant Plaza and the James V. Forrestal Building, the Smithsonian Institution Building and the National Mall in the background in 1990

A 4.7 acres (1.9 ha) urban park memorializing Benjamin Banneker is located in southwest Washington, D.C., one half mile (800 m) south of the Smithsonian Institution's "Castle" on the National Mall. The park features a prominent overlook at the south end of L'Enfant Promenade and Tenth Street SW.[22][23][24][a 6]

A traffic circle, named Banneker Circle SW, surrounds the overlook. A grassy slope descends steeply from the traffic circle to the Southwest Freeway (Interstate 395), Ninth Street SW and Maine Avenue SW.[22][23][24]

The National Park Service (NPS) operates the park as part of its National Mall and Memorial Parks administrative unit.[25] The NPS erected a historical marker near the park's entrance in 1997.[23][24][26][27][28] The park is now at stop number 8 on Washington's Southwest Heritage Trail.[29]

In 1967, landscape architect Daniel Urban Kiley completed the design of the "Tenth Street Overlook".[26] After the District of Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency completed construction of the Overlook in 1969, the Agency transferred the Overlook to the NPS in 1970.[26]

The elliptical 200 feet (61 m) wide overlook provides elevated views of the nearby Southwest Waterfront, Washington Channel, East Potomac Park, Potomac River and more distant areas. The centerpiece of the overlook's modernist plaza is a large conical fountain that projects water more than 30 feet in the air and catches it in a circular basin made from honed green granite.[24][30]

The rings of the fountain and basin in the center of the site are reiterated in the benches, double rows of London plane trees, and low concrete walls that establish the plaza's edge. The ground plane is paved with granite squares, a continuation of L'Enfant Promenade's materials. The ground plane is concave, and with the trees and fountain helps define the spatial volume of the plaza.[24][30]

In 1970, the District of Columbia City Council passed a resolution that petitioned the NPS to rename the Overlook as Banneker Park, arguing that the council had already renamed the adjacent highway circle as Banneker Circle, S.W.[26] The NPS thereupon hosted a dedication ceremony in 1971 that renamed the Overlook as "Benjamin Banneker Park".[31][26]

Following completion of a restoration project, the park was ceremoniously rededicated in 1997 to again commemorate Banneker;[26][32] the area has no specific connection to Banneker himself.[33]

In 1998, the 105th United States Congress enacted legislation that authorized the Washington Interdependence Council of the District of Columbia to establish at the council's expense a memorial on federal land in the District that would commemorate Banneker's accomplishments.[34][35] The Council plans to erect this memorial in or near the park.[34][36] In 2006, the Council held a charrette to select the artist that would design the memorial.[37]

Construction of the memorial was expected to begin after the United States Commission of Fine Arts and the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) approved the memorial's design and location in accordance with the legislation that authorized the establishment of the memorial and with the United States Code (40 U.S.C. § 8905).[36][38] However, the proposed memorial had by 1999 become a $17 million project that would contain a visitors' center near the "Castle" at the north end of the Promenade, a clock atop a tall pedestal at the midpoint of the Promenade, a statue of Banneker in the park's circle at the south end of the Promenade and a skyway over Interstate 395 that would connect the park to the waterfront.[26][39][40] After considering the proposal, the National Capital Memorial Commission rejected the placement of the statue in the park and decided to consult with the District of Columbia government about placing a Banneker memorial at the midpoint of the Promenade.[26][34][40][41]

The legislative authority relative to locating the Memorial on federal land lapsed in 2005.[26][41][42] This did not preclude the location of the memorial on lands such as the road right-of-way in the Promenade that are under the jurisdiction of the District of Columbia's government.[28][34][41][43]

During the 2000s, various organizations proposed to develop at the site of Benjamin Banneker Park a number of large facilities including a baseball stadium (later constructed elsewhere in D.C. as Nationals Park), the National Museum of African American History and Culture, a National Children's Museum and a National Museum of the American Latino.[41] In 2004, the D.C. Preservation League listed the Park as one of the most endangered places in the District because of such proposals to redevelop the park's area.[44] The League stated that the park, "Designed by renowned landscape architect Daniel Urban Kiley ... is culturally significant as the first public space in Washington named for an African American and is usually included in Black History tours".[44]

In 2006, the District government and the Federal Highway Administration issued an environmental assessment for "improvements" to the promenade and park that described a number of projects that could redevelop the area containing the park.[45] In 2011, a proposal surfaced that would erect a structure housing a "National Museum of the American People" at or near the site of the park.[46]

In 2012, the United States Army Corps of Engineers determined that Benjamin Banneker Park was not eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.[47] However, the District of Columbia State Historic Preservation Office (DC SHPO) did not concur with this determination.[47]

The DC SHPO stated that additional research and coordination with the NPS would be needed before it could make a final determination of eligibility.[47] In 2014, the DC SHPO concurred with the superintendent of the National Mall and Memorial Parks that the park was eligible for inclusion in the National Register as an integral component of the 10th Street Promenade/Banneker Overlook composition, but not as an independent entity.[47]

In January 2013, the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) accepted "The SW Ecodistrict Plan" (see: Southwest Ecodistrict).[48] The Plan recommended the redesign of Benjamin Banneker Park and adjacent areas to accommodate one or more new memorials, museums and/or landscaping.[49]

in 2013, the NPS issued a "Cultural Landscapes Inventory" report for the park. The report described the features, significance and history of the park and its surrounding area, as well the planning processes that had influenced the park's construction and development.[50]

In September 2014, the NCPC accepted an addendum to the SW Ecodistrict Plan.[51] The addendum stated: "A modern, terraced landscape at Banneker Park is envisioned to enhance the park and to provide a gateway to the National Mall."[52]

In April 2017, the NCPC approved plans for a staircase and ramp that would connect the park with Washington's Southwest Waterfront and that would add lighting and trees to the area. The NCPC and the NPS intended the project to be an interim improvement that could be in place for ten years while the area awaits redevelopment.[25][53] Construction began on the project in September 2017 and was completed during the spring of 2018.[54]

Benjamin Banneker Park, Arlington County, Virginia

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Benjamin Banneker: SW-9 Intermediate Boundary Stone of the District of Columbia (2012)

An 11 acres (4.5 ha) park in Arlington County, Virginia, memorializes Banneker and the survey of the boundaries of the District of Columbia, in which he participated.[55] The park features access to paved trails, picnic tables with charcoal grills, a playground, a playing field, a stream and a dog park.[55] The Benjamin Banneker: SW-9 Intermediate Boundary Stone, one of the forty boundary markers of the original District of Columbia, is within the park.[55][56]

Playground

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Banneker Playground, Brooklyn, New York

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The Banneker Playground in Brooklyn, New York, was originally built by the federal Works Progress Administration in 1937. In 1985, the New York City parks department renamed the 1.67 acres (0.68 ha) playground to commemorate Benjamin Banneker. The playground contains handball and basketball courts, trees and a sculpture of a sitting camel. The Benjamin Banneker Elementary School (P.S. 256), built in 1956, is near the playground.[57]

Community Centers

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Banneker Community Center, Catonsville, Maryland

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The Banneker Community Center (Banneker Recreation Center) in Catonsville, Maryland, is located near the intersection of the Baltimore National Pike (U.S. Route 40) and the Baltimore Beltway (Interstate 695), about 2 miles (3 km) northeast of the former site of Banneker's home and farm. A unit of the Baltimore County Department of Recreation and Parks, the facility contains ballfields, multipurpose courts and a playground.[58][a 7]

Banneker Community Center, Washington, D.C.
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Banneker Community Center, Washington, D.C. (2011)

The Banneker Community Center in northwest Washington, D.C. is located near Howard University in the city's Columbia Heights neighborhood. The center, which is a unit of the District of Columbia Department of Parks and Recreation, contains playing fields, basketball and tennis courts, a swimming pool (Banneker pool), a computer lab and other indoor and outdoor facilities.[59] Constructed in 1934 and named for Benjamin Banneker, the center's building (formerly named the Banneker Recreation Center) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 because of its role as a focal point in the development of the black community in Washington, D.C.[60]

Benjamin Banneker Community Center, Bloomington, Indiana
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The Benjamin Banneker Community Center in Bloomington, Indiana, contains a gymnasium, restrooms, a kitchen, a library and a family resource center.[61] Benjamin Banneker School was a segregated school for Bloomington's African American residents from 1915 to 1951. When the school desegregated, its name was changed to Fairview Annex. In 1955, the school's building became the Westside Community Center. In 1994, the Bloomington City Council changed the community center's name to commemorate the building's history as a segregated school and to re-commemorate Benjamin Banneker.[62][63] The City of Bloomington's Parks and Recreation Department operates the center.[64]

Museums

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Banneker-Douglass Museum, Annapolis, Maryland

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The Banneker-Douglass Museum in Annapolis, Maryland, memorializes Benjamin Banneker and Frederick Douglass.[65] The museum, which was dedicated on February 24, 1984, is the State of Maryland's official museum of African American heritage.[65][66] It is housed within and adjacent to the former Mount Moriah African Methodist Episcopal Church, which the National Park Service placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[65][67]

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, D.C.

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Statue of Benjamin Banneker in the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, D.C. (2020)

The Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture, which opened in Washington, D.C., during 2016, displays a statue of Benjamin Banneker within an exhibit entitled "The Founding of America".[68]

Planetarium

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Banneker Planetarium, Catonsville, Maryland

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The Banneker Planetarium in Catonsville, Maryland, is located about 2 miles (3 km) southeast of the former site of Benjamin Banneker's home and farm. The planetarium is a component of the Community College of Baltimore County's Catonsville Campus. Operated by the college's School of Mathematics and Science, the planetarium offers shows and programs to the public.[69][a 8]

Educational institutions

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The names of a number of university buildings, high schools, middle schools, elementary schools, professorships and scholarships throughout the United States have commemorated Benjamin Banneker. These include:

University buildings, rooms, programs and memorials

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High schools and high school rooms

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Benjamin Banneker Academic High School, Washington, D.C. (2017)

Middle schools

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Elementary schools

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Benjamin Banneker School, Parkville, Missouri (2018)
Benjamin Banneker Institute historical marker, Philadelphia (2021)

Other

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  • Benjamin Banneker Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (historical)[101]

Professorships and scholarships

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The names of several university professorships and scholarships commemorate Banneker. These include:

Awards

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The names of several awards commemorate Banneker. These include:

Streets

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The names of a number of streets throughout the United States commemorate Banneker. These include:

Real estate

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The names of a number of buildings and apartment complexes commemorate Banneker. These include:

Businesses

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The names of a number of businesses commemorate Banneker. These include:

Advocacy groups

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The names and/or goals of several advocacy groups commemorate Banneker. These include:

  • The Benjamin Banneker Association, Inc. (BANNEKERMATH.org), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[120]
  • The Benjamin Banneker Center for Economic Justice and Progress, Baltimore, Maryland[121]
  • The Benjamin Banneker Foundation, Fulton, Maryland[122]
  • The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science & Technology, Washington, D.C.[123]
  • Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin Banneker Memorial and Banneker Institute of Math & Science, Washington, D.C.[124]

Other

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Library of Congress
Benjamin Banneker mural in the Recorder of Deeds building in Washington, D.C.[125]

Other commemorations of Benjamin Banneker include:

List and map of coordinates

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Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

  1. ^ Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Historical Park, Baltimore County, Maryland: 39°16′07″N 76°46′36″W / 39.268506°N 76.776543°W / 39.268506; -76.776543 (Benjamin Banneker Historical Park, Baltimore County, Maryland)
  2. ^ Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland: 39°16′08″N 76°46′30″W / 39.268927°N 76.775018°W / 39.268927; -76.775018 (Benjamin Banneker Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland)
  3. ^ Coordinates of Molly Banneky House: 39°16′13″N 76°46′36″W / 39.270297°N 76.776638°W / 39.270297; -76.776638 (Molly Banneky House in Benjamin Banneker Historical Park)
  4. ^ Coordinates of replica of Benjamin Banneker's log cabin: 39°16′07″N 76°46′32″W / 39.268505°N 76.775552°W / 39.268505; -76.775552 (Replica of Benjamin Banneker's log cabin in Benjamin Banneker Historical Park)
  5. ^ Coordinates of Westchester Community Center, Baltimore County, Maryland: 39°16′25″N 76°46′50″W / 39.273620°N 76.780550°W / 39.273620; -76.780550 (Westchester Community Center, Baltimore County, Maryland)
  6. ^ Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Park, Washington, D.C.: 38°52′54″N 77°01′34″W / 38.8817128°N 77.0259833°W / 38.8817128; -77.0259833 (Benjamin Banneker Park, Washington, D.C.)
  7. ^ Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Community Center, Catonsville, Maryland: 39°16′50″N 76°44′25″W / 39.2804882°N 76.7403379°W / 39.2804882; -76.7403379 (Benjamin Banneker Community Center, Catonsville, Maryland)
  8. ^ Coordinates of Community College of Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland: 39°15′12″N 76°44′08″W / 39.2534553°N 76.7355797°W / 39.2534553; -76.7355797 (Community College of Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland)
  9. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Avenue, Richmond Heights, Missouri: 38°37′28″N 90°20′01″W / 38.6243918°N 90.33350°W / 38.6243918; -90.33350 (Banneker Avenue, Richmond Heights, Missouri)
  10. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Avenue North, Minneapolis, Minnesota: 44°59′24″N 93°17′51″W / 44.9899561°N 93.2975766°W / 44.9899561; -93.2975766 (Banneker Avenue North, Minneapolis, Minnesota)
  11. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Court, Detroit, Michigan: 42°23′28″N 82°58′30″W / 42.3910148°N 82.974933°W / 42.3910148; -82.974933 (Banneker Court, Detroit, Michigan)
  12. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Court, Mobile, Alabama: 30°43′05″N 88°05′39″W / 30.7181507°N 88.0940791°W / 30.7181507; -88.0940791 (Banneker Court, Mobile, Alabama)
  13. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Court, Stone Mountain, Georgia: 33°50′12″N 84°10′58″W / 33.836538°N 84.1828309°W / 33.836538; -84.1828309 (Banneker Court, Stone Mountain, Georgia)
  14. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Court, Wilmington, Delaware: 39°43′28″N 75°32′45″W / 39.7243704°N 75.5459409°W / 39.7243704; -75.5459409 (Banneker Court, Wilmington, Delaware)
  15. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Cove, Memphis, Tennessee: 35°00′15″N 90°04′18″W / 35.0041318°N 90.0717804°W / 35.0041318; -90.0717804 (Banneker Cove, Memphis, Tennessee)
  16. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Drive, San Diego: 32°42′45″N 117°01′58″W / 32.7125172°N 117.0328774°W / 32.7125172; -117.0328774 (Banneker Drive, San Diego, California)
  17. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Drive, Williamsburg, Virginia: 37°14′58″N 76°39′26″W / 37.2495039°N 76.6572029°W / 37.2495039; -76.6572029 (Banneker Drive, Williamsburg, Virginia)
  18. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Drive Northeast, Washington, D.C.: 38°55′33″N 76°57′42″W / 38.9259512°N 76.9615853°W / 38.9259512; -76.9615853 (Banneker Drive Northeast, Washington, D.C.)
  19. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Lane, Annapolis, Maryland: 38°57′55″N 76°31′53″W / 38.9653623°N 76.5314086°W / 38.9653623; -76.5314086 (Banneker Lane, Annapolis, Maryland)
  20. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Place, Dallas, Texas: 32°47′52″N 96°47′29″W / 32.7977617°N 96.7912545°W / 32.7977617; -96.7912545 (Banneker Place, Dallas, Texas)
  21. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Place, Nipomo, California: 35°01′27″N 120°32′28″W / 35.0242629°N 120.541212°W / 35.0242629; -120.541212 (Banneker Place, Nipomo, California)
  22. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Road, Columbia, Maryland: 39°12′45″N 76°52′14″W / 39.2125185°N 76.8705726°W / 39.2125185; -76.8705726 (Banneker Road, Columbia, Maryland)
  23. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Street, Columbus, Ohio: 39°52′37″N 82°49′38″W / 39.8769572°N 82.8273471°W / 39.8769572; -82.8273471 (Banneker Street, Columbus, Ohio)
  24. ^ Coordinates of Banneker Street, DeQuincy, Louisiana: 30°26′38″N 93°25′27″W / 30.4437891°N 93.4242829°W / 30.4437891; -93.4242829 (Banneker Street, DeQuincy, Louisiana)
  25. ^ Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Boulevard, Aquasco, Maryland: 38°34′19″N 76°41′14″W / 38.5718481°N 76.6871739°W / 38.5718481; -76.6871739 (Benjamin Banneker Boulevard, Aquasco, Maryland)
  26. ^ Coordinates of South Banneker Avenue, Fresno, California: 36°42′55″N 119°48′26″W / 36.7153949°N 119.807338°W / 36.7153949; -119.807338 (South Banneker Avenue, Fresno, California)
  27. ^ Coordinates of West Banneker Street, Hanford, California: 36°18′33″N 119°39′57″W / 36.3091244°N 119.6659296°W / 36.3091244; -119.6659296 (West Banneker Street, Hanford, California)
  28. ^ Coordinates of Benjamim Banneker obelisk: 39°16′30″N 76°46′44″W / 39.2749641°N 76.778807°W / 39.2749641; -76.778807 (Benjamin Banneker obelisk)

See also

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African-American culture

Notes

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  1. ^ Glawe, Eddie (June 2014). "Feature: Benjamin Banneker". xyHt. Vol. 39, no. 6. Archived from the original on January 30, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  2. ^ Diversity Development (January 2004). "Benjamin Banneker" (PDF). Publication 354: African Americans on Stamps: A Celebration of African-American Heritage. Washington, D.C.: United States Postal Service. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2015. A self-taught mathematician and astronomer, Benjamin Banneker was probably the most accomplished African American of America's colonial period. In 1753, he constructed the first wooden striking clock made in America. His studies and calculations in astronomy allowed him to successfully predict a solar eclipse in 1789 and to publish farmer's almanacs in the 1790s. In 1791 he helped design and survey the city of Washington, D.C. This stamp was issued February 15, 1980.
  3. ^ "Early Pioneers". Arago: People, Postage & The Post (Exhibits). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018. A self-taught mathematician and astronomer, Benjamin Banneker was probably the most accomplished African American of America's colonial period. In 1753, he constructed the first wooden striking clock made in America. His studies and calculations in astronomy allowed him to successfully predict a solar eclipse in 1789 and to publish farmer's almanacs in the 1790s. In 1791 he helped design and survey the city of Washington, D.C.
  4. ^ a b "Benjamin Banneker" (PDF). The Black Heritage Series. American Philatelic Society. 2017. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018. Benjamin Banneker: One of America's most accomplished African Americans during the colonial period was Benjamin Banneker. A self-taught mathematician and astronomer, Banneker was a member of the team that surveyed and designed the layout for Washington, DC.
  5. ^ Multiple sources:
  6. ^ "Benjamin Banneker, from a U.S. commemorative stamp, 1980". Enlarged image of stamp in the Granger Collection, New York. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on November 22, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
  7. ^ Multiple sources:
  8. ^ Multiple sources:
  9. ^ Multiple sources:
    • "15¢ Benjamin Banneker approved stamp art by Jerry Pinkney, c. 1980". Exhibit: Black Heritage Stamp Series: Portraiture. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on April 30, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2015. 15¢ Benjamin Banneker approved stamp art by Jerry Pinkney, c. 1980: The only known image of the scientist and surveyor Benjamin Banneker is a very crude woodcut from the cover of his 1795 Almanac. Nevertheless, the illustrator delivered a sensitive and believable portrait for this stamp.
    • Dunn, John F. (March 1, 1987). "Stamps; New Commemorative for Black Heritage Series". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2015. The Du Sable commemorative is the first Black Heritage issue that was not designed by Jerry Pinkney of Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y. although he was art director for this issue. The series has previously honored Harriet Tubman, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Benjamin Banneker, Whitney Young, Jackie Robinson, Scott Joplin, Carter Woodson, Mary McLeod Bethune and Sojourner Truth.
  10. ^ Bedini, Silvio A. (2008). "Benjamin Banneker". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2012. No known portrait of Banneker exists. Lacking such, an image frequently used is a woodcut portrait bust of a young black man, imaginary and not based on life, wearing the typical Quaker garb of the period. Purported to be of Banneker, this image illustrated the cover of a 1797 edition of one of his almanacs. The most accurate representation known may be found on a modern mural painting by the late William H. Smith of the survey of the federal territory. It hangs in the Maryland House on the John F. Kennedy Highway in Aberdeen, Maryland. In 1980 the U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Banneker based on imagined features.
  11. ^ Multiple sources:
  12. ^ "Benjamin Banneker park and museum dedicated in Oella". The Baltimore Sun. June 10, 1998. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
  13. ^ a b Multiple sources:
  14. ^ Multiple sources:
  15. ^ "New Signs Coming Soon". Fulton, Maryland: Benjamin Banneker Foundation. April 9, 2016. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017. Have you ever seen the Molly Bannaky house and wondered how old it is and who lived there? .... Constructed in the 1850s, the Bannaky house is the most prominent feature on the Park and Museum property and is symbol of the Oella's enduring history. Beginning as just a one room house, the Bannaky house steadily grew with time as several families called it home. Upon learning about the legacy of Benjamin Banneker and his property, Baltimore County purchased the house and 42.5 acres the surrounding property to establish the Benjamin Banneker Historical Park. The house was later restored in 2004 as an office complex. It is listed on the Maryland Historical Trust Inventory of Historic Properties.
  16. ^ a b Hare, Mary Gail (November 13, 2009). "Small cabin offers big insight into trailblazing Banneker: Structure is replica of original built by black scientist in Md". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on September 20, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2017. Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum now boasts a replica of the one-room log cabin that the African-American scientist built and lived in on his western Baltimore County farm. Officials formally opened the 224-square-foot cabin Thursday on the park grounds in Catonsville, two days before the 278th anniversary of Banneker's birth. ... The county legislative delegation secured a $400,000 state bond for the design and construction of the cabin.
  17. ^ Whittle, Syd (May 15, 2012). "Benjamin Banneker Cabin" (photograph). Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806) marker. HMdb: The Historical Marker Database. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
  18. ^ "Benjamin Banneker Historic Park" (PDF). Capital Improvements Authorized by the General Assembly: 1999 through 2010. Department of Budget and Management, State of Maryland. July 2010. p. 253. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
  19. ^ "Banneker Log Cabin: Park Building Project Case Study in Maryland". Reed Construction Data, Inc. 2012. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
  20. ^ Maryland Historical Society. ""Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806)" marker". HMmdb.org: The Historical Marker Database. Archived from the original on October 19, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
  21. ^ Multiple sources:
    • Bedini, 1971, pp. 301, 342
    • "Baltimore Evening Sun". Baltimore, Maryland. November 9, 1981. Cited in ""Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806)" marker". HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database. Archived from the original on October 19, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
    • Maryland Historical Society. ""Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806)" marker". HMdb: The Historical Marker Database. Archived from the original on October 19, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2010. This marker has had a difficult history, due, it seems, to vandals, perhaps motivated by racism. A marker was erected by the State Roads Commission on the west side of Westchester Avenue, one block south of Oella Avenue, in 1954. ... According to the Baltimore Evening Sun, November 9, 1981, "Within a short time this first marker was destroyed by vandals. It was replaced in 1968, but a year later the second marker was destroyed. A third marker was erected in 1969, but that marker was also destroyed.
    • "History of the Westchester Community Center". About the Westchester Community Center. Westchester Community Center. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2019 – via Engine X Design. The building now known as the Westchester Community Center was originally constructed by Baltimore County in 1924 as the Westchester Consolidated School, so named because it replaced several one-room schools. It later operated as the Westchester Elementary School and then as the Westchester Annex, when a new elementary school (the second Westchester Elementary School, now Catonsville Middle School) was constructed in the area. It was last used as a school in 1977.
  22. ^ a b "Development of L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park". Environmental Assessment for Improvements to L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park (PDF). Washington, D.C.: District Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia (DC.gov) and Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. March 2006. pp. 1–5, 1–6, 1–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
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  25. ^ a b "Environmental Assessment: Benjamin Banneker Park Connection" (PDF). National Mall and Memorial Parks. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. March 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
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  28. ^ a b "Existing L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park" (PDF). Environmental Assessment for Improvements to L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park. Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia and Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration. June 2006. pp. 1–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
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  31. ^ Bedini, 1999, p. 318. "In the two centuries since Banneker's death, his achievements have been forgotten or misrepresented ..... In November 1971, on the anniversary of Banneker's birthday, the secretary of the interior authorized the 10th Street Overlook outside L'Enfant Plaza in Washington to be renamed and dedicated by the mayor as Benjamin Banneker Park. Once again, the reasons presented by the speakers on the occasion and widely reported by the press had been all based on erroneous information: Banneker was hailed for his contribution after L'Enfant was dismissed and Banneker "saved the plan by reconstructing it from memory"."
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  33. ^ "Benjamin Banneker Park" (PDF). Environmental Assessment: Benjamin Banneker Park Connection. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service: National Mall and Memorial Parks. March 2016. p. 29. Retrieved April 28, 2017. The Tenth Street Overlook was renamed Benjamin Banneker Park in 1971 by the NPS, though the area has no specific connection to Banneker himself, ...
  34. ^ a b c d "Section 1.3.3.: Benjamin Banneker Memorial". Environmental Assessment for Improvements to L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park (PDF). Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia and Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration. March 2006. pp. 1–6 to 1–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  35. ^ Public Law 101-355 (November 6, 1998) Archived February 26, 2005, at the Wayback Machine states in Title V, Section 512 (112 Stat. 3266): "SEC. 512. MEMORIAL TO MR. BENJAMIN BANNEKER IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. (a) MEMORIAL AUTHORIZED.—The Washington Interdependence Council of the District of Columbia is authorized to establish a memorial in the District of Columbia to honor and commemorate the accomplishments of Mr. Benjamin Banneker. (b) COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS FOR COMMEMORATIVE WORKS.—The establishment of the memorial shall be in accordance with the Commemorative Works Act (40 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.). (c) PAYMENT OF EXPENSES.—The Washington Interdependence Council shall be solely responsible for acceptance of contributions for, and payment of the expenses of, the establishment of the memorial. No Federal funds may be used to pay any expense of the establishment of the memorial. ...". Retrieved 2010-01-21.
  36. ^ a b "The Memorial". Washington, D.C.: Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin Banneker Memorial and Banneker Institute of Math & Science. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
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  38. ^ 40 U.S.C. § 8905
  39. ^ Williams, Clarence (July 18, 1999). "Banneker Memorial Struggles for Funds: Lots of Support except for Money". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on February 29, 2016 – via Highbeam Research.
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  74. ^ "History at PVAMU". Prairie View, Texas: Prairie View A&M University. Archived from the original on August 26, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2020. The Benjamin Banneker Honors College in cir.1984.
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  83. ^ "PPFA News". Poly News. Baltimore, Maryland: Baltimore Polytechnic Institute. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012. The PPFA General Meetings will be held in Benjamin Banneker Lecture Hall, Room 115 at 6:00 P.M.
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  87. ^ Wyant, Willam K; Jr. (April 16, 1942). "Reading: A Way Upward". The Saturday Evening Post. The lights of the Carver School were burning for a meeting of parents, faculty members and a team of educators led by Samuel Shepard, Jr., director of the Banneker group of 23 elementary schools. The Banneker Group is one of five areas into which St. Louis's 150 elementary schools are divided. Covering 15 square miles, it embraces a railroad yard and five low-income public-housing projects.
    In the Banneker schools, more than 95% of the students are Negroes.    {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    In Davis, Wylie H. (1962). Civil rights U.S.A.: Public Schools: Cities in the North and West: 1962: St. Louis: A report to the United States Commission on Civil Rights (Appendix E). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 303. OCLC 784219767. Retrieved March 11, 2019 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
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    • Smith, Ethel. "Early History of Banneker School". Banneker Elementary School. Loudoun County Public Schools. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2021 – via Blackboard. On March 31, 1948, the children and faculty of the Middleburg, St. Louis, and Mountville schools, with an approximate enrollment of 185 students, entered the beautiful brick building for the first time. .... The school was named for the famous Benjamin Banneker who constructed the first clock made entirely in America in 1753, and who was part of the surveying team who laid out the city of Washington, DC, in 1791.
    • Bell, Franklin (June 16, 2016). Prats, J.J. (ed.). ""History of St. Louis" marker". HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021. A six room school was built in 1948, and named after Benjamin Banneker, a famous African American scientist, inventor, surveyor & anti slavery publicist..
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  92. ^ "Benjamin Banneker Achievement Center". Gary, Indiana: Gary Community School Corporation. August 23, 2016. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018 – via SMDG.
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  97. ^ "History of Benjamin Banneker". Benjamin Banneker Elementary School. Milford, Delaware. Archived from the original on June 16, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  98. ^ "Recovery School District: Benjamin Banneker Elementary". New Orleans, Louisiana: Louisiana Department of Education - Recovery School District. 2008. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
  99. ^ "About PS 256". 2018. Archived from the original on August 30, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018 – via WordPress. Welcome to P.S. 256 Benjamin Banneker Elementary. We are a Pre-K to grade 5 school located in historical Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn.
  100. ^ Rau, Jean; Fleming, Beverly A.; Mitchell, Steven. "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Benjamin Banneker School" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
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    • Pfingsten, Bill, ed. (June 16, 2016). ""Benjamin Banneker Institute" marker". HMdb: The Historical Marker Database. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019. Founded here in 1854 and dedicated to the literary betterment of African Americans, this school was named for a Black astronomer and mathematician who published an almanac and helped survey Washington, D.C.
    • "Chapter Three: "An Open Field and No Favors": Education and the Quest for Equality". "The Surest Foundation of Happiness": Education in Pennsylvania. ExplorePAHistory.com: Stories from PA History. 2011. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2019. Inspired by the growing agitation over slavery and racial inequality, Pennsylvania abolitionists founded other schools for black Pennsylvanians. Some, including Avery College in Pittsburgh (1849) and the Benjamin Banneker Institute in Philadelphia (1854), were short-lived.
    • "Benjamin Banneker Institute". Inventory of African American Historic Sites. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia. 2015. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  102. ^ "James Oliver Horton: Benjamin Banneker Professor Emeritus of American Studies and History". Columbian College of Arts and Sciences: The Department of American Studies. Washington, D.C.: George Washington University. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  103. ^ "The National Science Foundation Benjamin Banneker Scholarship Program, Central State University" (PDF). Center for Student Opportunities Scholarship Programs. Wilberforce, Ohio: Central State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 15, 2009. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
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    • "Banneker/Key Scholars". College Park, Maryland: University of Maryland Honors College. Archived from the original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
    • "Podberesky v. Kirwin, 38 F.3d 147 (4th Cir. 1994): 63 USLW 2287, 95 Ed. Law Rep. 52". United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit. Public.Resource.org. October 27, 1994. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2016. The issue in this case is whether the University of Maryland at College Park may maintain a separate merit scholarship program that it voluntarily established for which only African-American students are eligible. Because we find that the district court erred in finding that the University had sufficient evidence of present effects of past discrimination to justify the program and in finding that the program is narrowly tailored to serve its stated objectives, we reverse the district court's grant of summary judgment to the University. We further reverse the district court's denial of Podberesky's motion for summary judgment, and we remand for entry of judgment in favor of Podberesky.
      The facts and prior proceedings in this case are set forth at length in our earlier opinion, Podberesky v. Kirwan, 956 F.2d 52 (4th Cir.1992) (Podberesky I). In sum, Daniel Podberesky challenges the University of Maryland's Banneker scholarship program, which is a merit-based program for which only African-American students are eligible. The University maintains a separate merit-based scholarship program, the Francis Scott Key program, which is not restricted to African-American students. Podberesky is Hispanic; he was therefore ineligible for consideration under the Banneker Program, although he met the academic and all other requirements for consideration. Podberesky was ineligible for consideration under the Key program because his academic credentials fell just shy of its more rigorous standards. ....
  105. ^ "Benjamin Banneker Awards Banquet". Huntsville, Alabama: Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University. February 27, 2012. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  106. ^ "Benjamin Banneker Award". College of Education Commencement Awards. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University. 2004. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2017. Benjamin Banneker Award) The purpose of the FUND is to provide an annual award for a full-time graduate student in the College of Education who worked as a research or teaching assistant in the College during the academic year prior to receiving the award, and who showed outstanding work and initiative in carrying out his or her research/teaching activities.
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    What Neighborhood Is Your Development In?
    .........
    Banneker
    Banneker Place
  114. ^ "Banneker Place in Washington, D.C." Apartment Showcase. The Washington Post. 2012. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
  115. ^ "Banneker Energy, LLC". Duluth, Georgia: Banneker Energy, LLC. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
  116. ^ "Our Company". Bannekerstore.com. Denver, Colorado: Banneker, Inc: Benjamin Banneker Watches and Clocks. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2017. The watch and clock offerings of the company are differentiated in the marketplace by virtue of a unique design feature that connects us to our legendary namesake. Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806) was a free African American astronomer, inventor, mathematician, surveyor, almanac author, and farmer. The historic contribution that aligns us with this man of genius is outlined below. ....
  117. ^ "Company Overview". North Smithfield, Rhode Island: Banneker Industries, Inc. 2012. Archived from the original on February 11, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2012. Banneker Industries is named after Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806), the first recognized African American mathematician, astronomer and inventor. He is credited with making the first American striking clock, publishing several almanacs and was influential in the design of our nation's capitol.
  118. ^ "About Us". Banneker Ventures. Washington, D.C. and Rockville, Maryland: Banneker Ventures, LLC. 2011. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2017. The firm is named in honor of the brilliant mathematician, astronomer and surveyor Benjamin Banneker who worked on the survey for the Federal District, which is now Washington, D.C. Born in 1731, Benjamin Banneker lived a life of unusual achievement. He was an astronomer, predicting future solar and lunar eclipses, compiling the ephemeris for annual almanacs which became top sellers in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, mathematician, and surveyor. In 1980, the U.S. Postal Service issued a postage stamp in his honor.
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  121. ^ "The Benjamin Banneker Center for Economic Justice". Baltimore, Maryland: The Benjamin Banneker Center for Economic Justice and Progress. Archived from the original on September 8, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
  122. ^ "About The Foundation". Benjamin Banneker Foundation. Fulton, Maryland: Benjamin Banneker Foundation, Inc. December 27, 2016. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017. The Benjamin Banneker Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit philanthropic group, specializing in fundraising for the Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum. Funds are used to increase educational activities, enhance conservation initiatives, and further develop the Park and Museum into a living history center.
  123. ^ Multiple sources:
    • "The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science and Technology". Washington, D.C.: The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science and Technology. 2000–2012. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
    • "The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science and Technology". Current Projects: Educational Institution Development and Reform. Catalyst Institute for Applied Policy. 2007. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017. The mission of the Banneker Institute is to increase access to, and participation and performance in science and math related professions and academic pursuits by African Americans. The Institute proposes to enable more rapid identification and implementation of success models by serving as an information clearinghouse for monitoring the state of the art, identifying best practices, creating opportunities for collaboration, funding and otherwise promoting pilot projects, and granting an annual Banneker Award to honor the contributions of those making significant progress in support of the Institute's mission.
  124. ^ "About Us". Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin Banneker Memorial and Banneker Institute of Math & Science. Washington, D.C.: Washington Interdependence Council. 2016. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017. The Washington Interdependence Council (WIC) is a 501(c)3 non-profit civic organization authorized by Congress [P.L. 105-355] to erect a monument to colonial American hero Benjamin Banneker [1731-1806] .
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  126. ^ Multiple sources:
  127. ^ "Comprehensive Biography of Rita Dove". The Rita Dove Home Page. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  128. ^ "Banneker City Little League". Washington, D.C.: Banneker City Baseball. 2018. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  129. ^ "Banneker Institute". Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The President and Fellows of Harvard College. 2019. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2019. The Banneker Institute summer program is a full-time, ten-week research and study experience. We prepare undergraduate students of color for graduate programs in astronomy by emphasizing research, building community, and encouraging debate and political action through social justice education.
  130. ^ Multiple sources:
  131. ^ "Benjamin Banneker 1731-1806: His Life and Place: Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.: February 8 — March 30, 1997". Washington, D.C.: Corcoran Gallery of Art. February 8, 1997. p. 28. Retrieved November 15, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
  132. ^ "Benjamin Banneker Honors Math & Science Society". October 22, 2012. Archived from the original on June 25, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2012. Mission - The Benjamin Banneker Honors Math and Science Society (BBHMSS) is an organization whose mission is to improve minority students academic standing with respect to mathematics and science.
  133. ^ "NTA Pittsburgh Chapter: History". Washington, D.C.: National Technical Association, Inc. 2012. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2018. The primary goals of the NTA are:
    To encourage minority youth to pursue careers in technical areas which will enable them to become successful doctors, scientists and other technical professionals.
    To aid in the professional development of its members.
    To provide an outlet for minority technical professionals to broaden its network.
    These goals were accomplished through several programs serving students in grades 3 through 12 in the Pittsburgh Public Schools, such as the Benjamin Banneker Mathematics Competition, the Charles Drew Science Fair and the Elementary Science Program.
  134. ^ (1) "Benjamin Banneker" marker Archived 2011-10-19 at the Wayback Machine in HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database Archived 2011-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
  135. ^ "9th Grade: Benjamin Banneker Science Fair" (PDF). 2014 Delaware Valley Science Fairs. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Drexel University. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
  136. ^ (1) Phoenix Films, Inc. (1981). "The Man Who Loved the Stars" (video). Docudrama starring Ossie Davis (59:11 minutes). Cinemonde International, Ltd. Archived from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2016 – via Internet Archive Educational Films. Archived on 2015-07-28.
  137. ^ Multiple sources:
  138. ^ "County Council Agenda: July 18, 2015 – September 4, 2015". Howard County Council. Ellicott City, Maryland: Howard County, Maryland, government. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 2, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
    County Council
    Monday, July 20, 2015
    Banneker Room
    George Howard Building, 3430 Court House Drive, Ellicott City, MD
  139. ^ "The Banneker Room". The Wayside Inn. Ellicott City, Maryland. 2018. Archived from the original on December 31, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2018.

References

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Media related to Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Benjamin Banneker Park, Washington, D.C. at Wikimedia Commons

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