DFFA

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures / ECOD
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

DNA Fragmentation factor 45kDa, C terminal domain
DNA Fragmentation factor 45kDa, C terminal domain
	nmr structure of dff-c domain
Identifiers
Symbol	DFF-C
Pfam	PF09033
InterPro	IPR015121
Pfam
Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures / ECOD
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

DFFA
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1IBX, 1IYR, 1KOY
Identifiers
Aliases	DFFA, DFF-45, DFF1, ICAD, DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha
External IDs	OMIM: 601882 MGI: 1196227 HomoloGene: 3240 GeneCards: DFFA
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 1 (human)
End	10,472,529 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 4 (mouse)
End	149,205,104 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	internal globus pallidus; ; inferior ganglion of vagus nerve; ; nipple; ; cardia; ; ventral tegmental area; ; stromal cell of endometrium; ; renal medulla; ; subthalamic nucleus; ; islet of Langerhans; ; optic nerve;
	Top expressed in
	soleus muscle; ; yolk sac; ; medulla oblongata; ; lip; ; pons; ; quadriceps femoris muscle; ; zone of skin; ; primary motor cortex; ; tibialis anterior muscle; ; esophagus;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	protein binding; protein domain specific binding; protein folding chaperone activity; deoxyribonuclease inhibitor activity;
Cellular component	cytosol; lipid droplet; intracellular anatomical structure; nucleus; nucleoplasm; cytoplasm; plasma membrane;
Biological process	positive regulation of apoptotic process; negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis; negative regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation; apoptotic DNA fragmentation; thymocyte apoptotic process; apoptotic process; negative regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity; chaperone-mediated protein folding;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	1676
	13347
	ENSG00000160049
	ENSMUSG00000028974
	O00273
	O54786
	NM_213566; NM_004401
	NM_001025296; NM_010044
	NP_004392; NP_998731; NP_998731.1
	NP_001020467; NP_034174
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha (DFFA), also known as Inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DFFA gene.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Apoptosis is a cell death process that removes toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD (DFFA) subunits. DFFA is the substrate for caspase-3 and triggers DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. DFF becomes activated when DFFA is cleaved by caspase-3. The cleaved fragments of DFFA dissociate from DFFB, the active component of DFF. DFFB has been found to trigger both DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.^[7]

The C-terminal domain of DFFA (DFF-C) consists of four alpha-helices, which are folded in a helix-packing arrangement, with alpha-2 and alpha-3 packing against a long C-terminal helix (alpha-4). The main function of this domain is the inhibition of DFFB by binding to its C-terminal catalytic domain through ionic interactions, thereby inhibiting the fragmentation of DNA in the apoptotic process. In addition to blocking the DNase activity of DFFB, the C-terminal region of DFFA is also important for the DFFB-specific folding chaperone activity, as demonstrated by the ability of DFFA to refold DFFB.^[8]

Interactions[edit]

DFFA has been shown to interact with DFFB.^[9]^[10]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160049 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000028974 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Leek JP, Carr IM, Bell SM, Markham AF, Lench NJ (Jun 1998). "Assignment of the DNA fragmentation factor gene (DFFA) to human chromosome bands 1p36.3-->p36.2 by in situ hybridization". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 79 (3–4): 212–3. doi:10.1159/000134725. PMID 9605855.
^ Liu X, Zou H, Slaughter C, Wang X (April 1997). "DFF, a heterodimeric protein that functions downstream of caspase-3 to trigger DNA fragmentation during apoptosis". Cell. 89 (2): 175–84. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80197-X. PMID 9108473. S2CID 14800864.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: DFFA DNA fragmentation factor, 45kDa, alpha polypeptide".
^ Fukushima K, Kikuchi J, Koshiba S, Kigawa T, Kuroda Y, Yokoyama S (August 2002). "Solution structure of the DFF-C domain of DFF45/ICAD. A structural basis for the regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation". Journal of Molecular Biology. 321 (2): 317–27. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00588-0. PMID 12144788.
^ Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, Li H, Taylor P, Climie S, McBroom-Cerajewski L, Robinson MD, O'Connor L, Li M, Taylor R, Dharsee M, Ho Y, Heilbut A, Moore L, Zhang S, Ornatsky O, Bukhman YV, Ethier M, Sheng Y, Vasilescu J, Abu-Farha M, Lambert JP, Duewel HS, Stewart II, Kuehl B, Hogue K, Colwill K, Gladwish K, Muskat B, Kinach R, Adams SL, Moran MF, Morin GB, Topaloglou T, Figeys D (2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Molecular Systems Biology. 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC 1847948. PMID 17353931.
^ McCarty JS, Toh SY, Li P (October 1999). "Study of DFF45 in its role of chaperone and inhibitor: two independent inhibitory domains of DFF40 nuclease activity". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 264 (1): 176–80. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1497. PMID 10527860.

Further reading[edit]

Nakanuma Y, Tsuneyama K, Sasaki M, Harada K (August 2000). "Destruction of bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis". Baillière's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 14 (4): 549–70. doi:10.1053/bega.2000.0103. PMID 10976014.
Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
Enari M, Sakahira H, Yokoyama H, Okawa K, Iwamatsu A, Nagata S (January 1998). "A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD". Nature. 391 (6662): 43–50. Bibcode:1998Natur.391...43E. doi:10.1038/34112. PMID 9422506. S2CID 4407426.
Liu X, Zou H, Widlak P, Garrard W, Wang X (May 1999). "Activation of the apoptotic endonuclease DFF40 (caspase-activated DNase or nuclease). Oligomerization and direct interaction with histone H1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (20): 13836–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.20.13836. PMID 10318789.
Gu J, Dong RP, Zhang C, McLaughlin DF, Wu MX, Schlossman SF (July 1999). "Functional interaction of DFF35 and DFF45 with caspase-activated DNA fragmentation nuclease DFF40". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (30): 20759–62. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.30.20759. PMID 10409614.
Oh JJ, Grosshans DR, Wong SG, Slamon DJ (October 1999). "Identification of differentially expressed genes associated with HER-2/neu overexpression in human breast cancer cells". Nucleic Acids Research. 27 (20): 4008–17. doi:10.1093/nar/27.20.4008. PMC 148668. PMID 10497265.
McCarty JS, Toh SY, Li P (October 1999). "Study of DFF45 in its role of chaperone and inhibitor: two independent inhibitory domains of DFF40 nuclease activity". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 264 (1): 176–80. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1497. PMID 10527860.
McCarty JS, Toh SY, Li P (October 1999). "Multiple domains of DFF45 bind synergistically to DFF40: roles of caspase cleavage and sequestration of activator domain of DFF40". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 264 (1): 181–5. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1498. PMID 10527861.
Lugovskoy AA, Zhou P, Chou JJ, McCarty JS, Li P, Wagner G (December 1999). "Solution structure of the CIDE-N domain of CIDE-B and a model for CIDE-N/CIDE-N interactions in the DNA fragmentation pathway of apoptosis". Cell. 99 (7): 747–55. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81672-4. PMID 10619428.
Otomo T, Sakahira H, Uegaki K, Nagata S, Yamazaki T (August 2000). "Structure of the heterodimeric complex between CAD domains of CAD and ICAD". Nature Structural Biology. 7 (8): 658–62. doi:10.1038/77957. PMID 10932250. S2CID 12925074.
Xerri L, Palmerini F, Devilard E, Defrance T, Bouabdallah R, Hassoun J, Birg F (October 2000). "Frequent nuclear localization of ICAD and cytoplasmic co-expression of caspase-8 and caspase-3 in human lymphomas". The Journal of Pathology. 192 (2): 194–202. doi:10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH685>3.0.CO;2-M. PMID 11004695. S2CID 23831471.
Zhou P, Lugovskoy AA, McCarty JS, Li P, Wagner G (May 2001). "Solution structure of DFF40 and DFF45 N-terminal domain complex and mutual chaperone activity of DFF40 and DFF45". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (11): 6051–5. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.6051Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.111145098. PMC 33420. PMID 11371636.
Sharif-Askari E, Alam A, Rhéaume E, Beresford PJ, Scotto C, Sharma K, Lee D, DeWolf WE, Nuttall ME, Lieberman J, Sékaly RP (June 2001). "Direct cleavage of the human DNA fragmentation factor-45 by granzyme B induces caspase-activated DNase release and DNA fragmentation". The EMBO Journal. 20 (12): 3101–13. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.12.3101. PMC 150191. PMID 11406587.
Tsukada T, Watanabe M, Yamashima T (December 2001). "Implications of CAD and DNase II in ischemic neuronal necrosis specific for the primate hippocampus". Journal of Neurochemistry. 79 (6): 1196–206. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00679.x. PMID 11752060.
Abel F, Sjöberg RM, Ejeskär K, Krona C, Martinsson T (February 2002). "Analyses of apoptotic regulators CASP9 and DFFA at 1P36.2, reveal rare allele variants in human neuroblastoma tumours". British Journal of Cancer. 86 (4): 596–604. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600111. PMC 2375272. PMID 11870543.
Charrier L, Jarry A, Toquet C, Bou-Hanna C, Chedorge M, Denis M, Vallette G, Laboisse CL (April 2002). "Growth phase-dependent expression of ICAD-L/DFF45 modulates the pattern of apoptosis in human colonic cancer cells". Cancer Research. 62 (7): 2169–74. PMID 11929840.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR015121

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160049 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000028974 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid9605855-5] Leek JP, Carr IM, Bell SM, Markham AF, Lench NJ (Jun 1998). "Assignment of the DNA fragmentation factor gene (DFFA) to human chromosome bands 1p36.3-->p36.2 by in situ hybridization". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 79 (3–4): 212–3. doi:10.1159/000134725. PMID 9605855.

[pmid9108473-6] Liu X, Zou H, Slaughter C, Wang X (April 1997). "DFF, a heterodimeric protein that functions downstream of caspase-3 to trigger DNA fragmentation during apoptosis". Cell. 89 (2): 175–84. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80197-X. PMID 9108473. S2CID 14800864.

[entrez-7] "Entrez Gene: DFFA DNA fragmentation factor, 45kDa, alpha polypeptide".

[pmid12144788-8] Fukushima K, Kikuchi J, Koshiba S, Kigawa T, Kuroda Y, Yokoyama S (August 2002). "Solution structure of the DFF-C domain of DFF45/ICAD. A structural basis for the regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation". Journal of Molecular Biology. 321 (2): 317–27. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00588-0. PMID 12144788.

[pmid17353931-9] Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, Li H, Taylor P, Climie S, McBroom-Cerajewski L, Robinson MD, O'Connor L, Li M, Taylor R, Dharsee M, Ho Y, Heilbut A, Moore L, Zhang S, Ornatsky O, Bukhman YV, Ethier M, Sheng Y, Vasilescu J, Abu-Farha M, Lambert JP, Duewel HS, Stewart II, Kuehl B, Hogue K, Colwill K, Gladwish K, Muskat B, Kinach R, Adams SL, Moran MF, Morin GB, Topaloglou T, Figeys D (2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Molecular Systems Biology. 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC 1847948. PMID 17353931.

[pmid10527860-10] McCarty JS, Toh SY, Li P (October 1999). "Study of DFF45 in its role of chaperone and inhibitor: two independent inhibitory domains of DFF40 nuclease activity". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 264 (1): 176–80. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1497. PMID 10527860.

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DFFA

Interactions[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

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