Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with Francoist Spain

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The Spanish Civil War was fought from 17 July 1936 till the victory of Francoist Spain on 1 April 1939. After the end of the war, the Spanish Republic formed a government-in-exile in Paris and Mexico City. Between the start of the civil war and Spanish transition to democracy and the reconciliation with the Spanish Republican government in exile in 1977, nations decided when, how, and if they recognised the government of Spain.

Americas

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Country Established Notes
Chile 5 April 1939 After Chile recognised the nationalist government in April 1939, the two countries were immediately embroiled in a conflict surrounding the status of Republican refugees seeking asylum in Chile. Spain ended diplomatic relations with Chile on 17 July 1940, after the two countries failed to resolve the matter, though relations were restored on 12 October 1940 after Brazil and Italy mediated the dispute.[1]
Guatemala [when?] The Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Guatemala in March 1946.[2]: 298 [3]: 90 
Mexico 28 March 1977 The Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Mexico on 25 August 1945.[2]: 298  Mexico reestablished diplomatic relations only after the death of Francisco Franco. By 1975, within the United Nations, only Yugoslavia and Mexico still recognised, and hosted an embassy to, the Spanish Republican government in exile.[4][5][2]: 298 
Panama 18 March 1953 The Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Panama in March 1946.[2]: 298  Relations were soon reestablished as the two countries signed a Treaty of Friendship on 18 March 1953.[3]: 112 
Peru February 1939 Relations were severed in March 17, 1938, but after General Francisco Franco took power, relations were reestablished in February and both nations reopened their embassies in June.[6]
United States 27 December 1950 On 1 April 1939, the United States lifted the embargoes placed on Spain, providing limited recognition to the regime,[7]: 16  and the embassy to Spain, previously in Barcelona, now headed by a Chargé d’Affaires ad interim, was moved back to Madrid on the 13th.[8] In the aftermath of World War II, public opinion on the Franco regime was low, with most seeing the state as collaborationist with Nazi Germany and President Harry S. Truman being opposed to the reestablishment of formal diplomatic relations. However, as the Cold War began, and with Spanish agents, US military officials, and US businessmen lobbying for the opening of relations, popular opinion shifted. The appointment of a US ambassador to Madrid was announced on 27 December 1950. In July 1951, negotiations started for an alliance which would eventually become the Pact of Madrid.[9]
Venezuela [when?] The Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Venezuela in March 1946.[2]: 298 

Asia

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Country Established Notes
People's Republic of China 9 March 1973 On 9 March 1973, Spain established relations with the People's Republic of China and severed relations with the Republic of China.[10][11]
Republic of China 1952 During World War II, Beijing was reluctant to establish relations with Madrid, and in 1946 the Spanish Legation in China was officially closed. The situation improved after the Korean War started, leading to formal relations being established in 1952,[12] with a friendship agreement being signed in February 1953.[13] On 9 March 1973, formal diplomatic relations between the two nations were suspended, as Spain recognised the People's Republic of China instead.[14][11]
Japan 1 December 1937 Japan recognised the Francoist government of Spain in exchange for German, Spanish, and Italian recognition of Manchukuo.[15] Spain declared a rupture in relations on 12 April 1945,[16] which were reestablished in 1952.[12]
Kampuchea 5 May 1977 Relations with Kampuchea were only established after the death of Francisco Franco.[11]
Manchukuo 2 December 1937 In October 1938, a friendship legation arrived from the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo (later part of the People's Republic of China since 1949), and a treaty of friendship was signed in 1939.[15]
Mongolia 4 July 1977 Relations with Mongolia were only established after the death of Francisco Franco.[11]
Philippines 27 September 1947 Legations were established in 1947 following the signing of a bilateral friendship treaty on 27 September 1947.[17][12]
Thailand February 1949 The first permanent representative of Spain arrived in Bangkok in February 1949, and a Treaty of Friendship was signed in 1952.[12]
Vietnam 1950 [12]

Europe

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Country Established Notes
Albania [when?] The Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Albania December 1946.[2]: 298 
Bulgaria 27 January 1970 The Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Bulgaria on 30 November 1946.[2]: 298  Relations were restored on 27 January 1970.[18]: 90 
Czechoslovakia 28 January 1939 Government of Rudolf Beran recognized Francoist Government on 28 January 1939.[19] The Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Czechoslovakia on 22 August 1946.[2]: 298 
France 27 February 1939 France and Britain together unconditionally recognised the nationalist government on 27 February 1939.[20]: 583 
Germany 18 November 1936
See also: German involvement in the Spanish Civil War
Germany and Italy together recognised the nationalist government on 18 November 1936.[20]: 332 [21] After World War II, Germany was split into West Germany and East Germany. On 10 January 1973, The East Germany became the first communist country to recognise Francoist Spain.[11]
Hungary February 1938 The Hungarian state led by Miklós Horthy recognised Franco's government in February 1938.[22] After World War II ended, the Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by the Hungarian People's Republic on 28 July 1946.[2]: 298  Relations were reestablished with Madrid on 9 January 1977, after Franco had died.[23]
Ireland 11 February 1939
See also: Ireland and the Spanish Civil War and Irish Socialist Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War
[24]: 131 
Italy 18 November 1936
See also: Italian military intervention in Spain
Germany and Italy together recognised the nationalist government on 18 November 1936.[20]: 332 [21]
Poland February 1939 The Second Polish Republic recognised the Franco government in February 1939, after the United Kingdom and France had already done so.[25] After the World War II, the Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by the Polish People's Republic on 5 April 1946.[2]: 298  Relations were restored after the death of Franco on 31 January 1977.[11]
Portugal 11 May 1938 Portugal had ended formal relations with the Spanish Republic in October 1936 and appointed diplomatic agents to Nationalist Spain in December 1937. In 1939, Portugal would go on to sign the Iberian Pact, formalising the friendship between Portugal and Francoist Spain.[26][27]: 86 
Romania 5 January 1967 The Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Romania on 21 May 1946.[2]: 298  Relations were restored on 5 January 1967.[18]: 93 
Soviet Union 9 February 1977 The Soviet Union fully supported the Republican government in the Civil War. After World War II and throughout the Cold War, relations were maintained informally through offices in Paris and economic ties. After the death of Francisco Franco, Spain and the Soviet Union established formal relations and exchanged embassies on 9 February 1977.[28]
Switzerland 14 February 1939 Switzerland sent a diplomatic agent to Franco on 3 May 1938, and a representative from the Francoist government had been tolerated and granted privileges in Bern since 1937. All this meant that on 24 November 1938, Rab Butler described relationship between the two entities as "de facto recognition".[2]: 93  Switzerland extended full recognition on 14 February 1939, becoming the first democratic country to do so.[29]
United Kingdom 27 February 1939 In November 1937, the British government exchanged agents with the Franco government, a move criticised by Clement Attlee as "de facto recognition of the insurgent government", though a government communiqué stressed that this did not constitute recognition.[2]: 93  France and Britain together unconditionally recognised the nationalist government on 27 February 1939.[20]: 583  The Labour Party opposed the recognition, with Clement Attlee calling it "a gross betrayal... two and a half years of hypocritical pretense of non-intervention".[20]: 584 [30]
Vatican City June 1938 Francoist Spain proclaimed itself a Catholic nation on 30 October 1936, hoping to win the support of the Vatican, which did not extend formal recognition. On 1 July 1937, the Letters of the Spanish Hierarchy were published, which detailed the Spanish Church's position on the war and stated that the Church endorsed Franco's forces.[31]: 202  In August, Pablo Churruca was serving as chargé d'affaires in Rome, which the Francoist press described as having "the status of official diplomatic representative" but the Vatican insisted that this was not formal recognition,[24]: 130  though in September 1937, the Vatican had sent a chargé to Burgos, and in June 1938 full diplomatic recognition was established.[32]: 263 
Yugoslavia 27 January 1977 The Republican government was recognised as the only legitimate government of Spain by Yugoslavia on 13 April 1946.[2]: 298  By 1975, within the United Nations, only Yugoslavia and Mexico still recognised, and hosted an embassy to, the Spanish Republican government in exile.[5] Yugoslavia established relations with Spain in 1977,[11] after the death of Francisco Franco. Fernando Olivié González-Pumariega was the first ambassador of Spain in Belgrade.[33]

Oceania

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Country Established Notes
Australia 26 October 1967 Australia, was officially neutral during the Civil War. However, over 66 Australians volunteered and fought for the Republican faction in Spain as part of the British Battalion.[34] Formal diplomatic relations were officially established on 26 October 1967, with the Spanish opening an embassy in Canberra on 3 May 1968.[35][36]
New Zealand 28 March 1969 Volunteers from New Zealand assisted the Republican Faction in the Civil War.[37] Formal diplomatic relations were officially established on 28 March 1969.[38]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Grugel, Jean; Quijada, Monica (1990). "Chile, Spain and Latin America: The Right of Asylum at the Onset of the Second World War". Journal of Latin American Studies. 22 (2): 353–374. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00015492. ISSN 0022-216X. JSTOR 156866. S2CID 144274030.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Talmon, Stefan; Talmon, Co-Director Institute of International Law and Professor of Law Stefan (1998). Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826573-3.
  3. ^ a b Bilateral Treaty Developments in Latin America, 1953-1955. Legal Division, Department of International Law, Pan American Union. 1956.
  4. ^ "History of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Spain (in Spanish)" (PDF). sre.gob.mx.
  5. ^ a b "Republicans in Mexico Waiting". The Fort Scott Tribune. 1975-11-14. p. 750. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  6. ^ Novak, Fabián (2001). Las relaciones entre el Perú y España (1821-2000) (in Spanish). Fondo Editorial PUCP. pp. 104–112. ISBN 9972424413.
  7. ^ LIFE. Time Inc. 1939-04-17.
  8. ^ "Spain - Countries - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  9. ^ Byrnes, Mark S. (1999). ""Overruled and Worn Down": Truman Sends an Ambassador to Spain". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 29 (2): 263–279. doi:10.1111/1741-5705.00032. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 27551987.
  10. ^ Esteban, Mario (2016-06-01). "Spain's Relations with China: Friends but not Partners". Chinese Political Science Review. 1 (2): 373–386. doi:10.1007/s41111-016-0019-x. ISSN 2365-4252.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g "Publishers Panel". przegladeuropejski.com.pl. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes". Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  13. ^ "The international relation between China and Spain". www.ukessays.com. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  14. ^ Team, Internet. "Relaciones regionales". 駐西班牙代表處 Oficina Económica y Cultural de Taipei. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  15. ^ a b Rodao, Florentino (2009). "Japan and the Axis, 1937-8: Recognition of the Franco Regime and Manchukuo". Journal of Contemporary History. 44 (3): 431–447. doi:10.1177/0022009409104117. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 40543042. S2CID 144278984.
  16. ^ "Franco's Spain and the Japanese Empire (1937-1945) – Florentino Rodao". Retrieved 2020-05-31.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ "El secretario de Estado de Asuntos Exteriores recibe a su homólogo filipino". www.exteriores.gob.es. Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  18. ^ a b Inc, IBP (2007-02-07). Spain Foreign Policy and Government Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4330-4600-1. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  19. ^ "Digitální knihovna Kramerius".
  20. ^ a b c d e Thomas, Hugh (1961). The Spanish Civil War. Internet Archive. New York, Harper.
  21. ^ a b "Germany and Italy recognise rebel government | 1930-1939 | Guardian Century". www.theguardian.com. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  22. ^ Zalai, Anita (2019). "Los vaivenes de las relaciones húngaro-españolas (1938-1977): el "caso específico"". Las huellas del franquismo: Pasado y presente, 2019, ISBN 978-84-9045-804-4, págs. 1293-1305. Comares: 1293–1305. ISBN 978-84-9045-804-4.
  23. ^ "Hungría y España conmemoran 40 años de restablecimiento de relaciones". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2017-02-10. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
  24. ^ a b Keogh, Dermot (1995). Ireland and the Vatican: The Politics and Diplomacy of Church-state Relations, 1922-1960. Cork University Press. ISBN 978-0-902561-96-0.
  25. ^ Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (May 27–29, 1999). "Affinity and Revulsion: Poland Reacts to the Spanish Right, 1936-1939 (And Beyond)" (PDF). Reaction and Counterrevolution in Spain: Carlism, 1810-1939. Historical Society's National Convention at Boston University – via IWP.
  26. ^ Halstead, Charles R. (1980). "Peninsular Purpose: Portugal and ITS 1939 Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression with Spain". Il Politico. 45 (2): 287–311. ISSN 0032-325X. JSTOR 43210145.
  27. ^ Gallagher, Tom (1983). Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-0876-4.
  28. ^ "Посол Советского Союза". 2011-08-27. Archived from the original on 2011-08-27. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  29. ^ Couto, Rodrigo Carrizo (2014-04-20). "'Swiss diplomacy supported Franco'". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  30. ^ "General Franco recognised unconditionally". The Guardian. 2011-02-09. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  31. ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1987-11-15). The Franco Regime, 1936–1975. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-11070-3.
  32. ^ Pollard, John (2014-10-31). The Papacy in the Age of Totalitarianism, 1914-1958. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-102657-7.
  33. ^ Redacción (2017-01-31). "Serbia fuera del radar estratégico de España". Esglobal (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  34. ^ Australian Participation in the Spanish Civil War
  35. ^ "Australia" (PDF). Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación. OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA. October 2018. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  36. ^ "Australia-Spain 50 years of diplomatic relations | DFAT". www.dfat.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  37. ^ "New Zealanders in the Spanish Civil War - The Spanish Civil War | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  38. ^ "Nueva Zelanda" (PDF). Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación. OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA. October 2018. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
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