Ella Gifft
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Ella Gifft, also Ella Gift (c. 1882–26 December 1964), was a Black entrepreneur and suffragist from the United States Virgin Islands, who founded the Suffragist League and was one of the first women to register to vote in the territory. She smuggled alcohol into the territory during the prohibition era, activity which is remembered in the folk song "Over the Side".
Suffrage[edit]
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Gifft was one of the first suffrage activists in the US Virgin Islands and according to the memoir of Joseph O'Neal, was a "teacher from Jost Van Dyke".[1] She established the Suffragist League there on 29 December 1932.[2] Other prominent suffragists in the movement included Bertha C. Boschulte, Eulalie Stevens, and Edith L. Williams, who were all teachers.[3] Reportedly, when Herbert Hoover visited St Thomas, Gifft waited to meet him, then presented him with a petition for the islands to have their own governor, which she had secreted on her person.[1] The group was aware of developments in Puerto Rico led by Milagros Benet de Mewton to gain enfranchisement there in 1929.[3][4] Due to their pressure, in 1936 Judge Albert Levitt ruled that women were allowed to vote in the 1936 election.[3][5]
An influential figure in politics, Gifft also encouraged Earle B. Ottley to seek election to the Legislative Assembly in 1936.[6][7]
Prohibition[edit]
During prohibition, Gifft brought alcohol into the islands illegally.[8] According to a still popular folk-song called "Over the Side", she hid rum in specially made pockets in her pantalettes, but had to throw it over the side of the boat when customs officials caught up with her.[1][9][10]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^ a b c O'Neal, Joseph Raymond (2004). Life Notes: Reflections of a British Virgin Islander. Xlibris Corporation. p. 9. ISBN 9781465326362.
- ^ Johnson, Jennifer (16 December 2020). "After the 19th Amendment: Women in the US Virgin Islands Secure the Vote". Rediscovering Black History. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
- ^ a b c Pierson, Ruth Roach; Chaudhuri, Nupur; McAuley, Beth (22 November 1998). Nation, Empire, Colony: Historicizing Gender and Race. Indiana University Press. pp. 51–3. ISBN 978-0-253-11386-3.
- ^ Barceló-Miller 2015, pp. 126, 136.
- ^ Moolenaar 1982, p. 26.
- ^ Ottley, Earle B. (1982). Trials and Triumphs: The Long Road to a Middle Class Society in the U.S. Virgin Islands. E.B. Ottley.
- ^ "Members of V.I. Senate Celebrate Legacy on 100th Birthday of Earle B. Ottley". St. Thomas Source. 25 March 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
- ^ "Remarks by Premier of the Virgin Islands Dr. the Honourable D. Orlando Smith, OBE Centennial Commemoration of the Official Transfer Day Ceremony | Government of the Virgin Islands". www.bvi.gov.vg. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
- ^ Cohen, Colleen Ballerino (2010). Take me to my paradise : tourism and nationalism in the British Virgin Islands. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-5031-2. OCLC 768294567.
- ^ Storm, Roberts; Roberts, John Storm (1998). Black Music of Two Worlds: African, Caribbean, Latin, and African-American Traditions. Schirmer Books. ISBN 978-0-02-864929-0.
Bibliography[edit]
- "Bertha Boschulte: 1906 Educator, Senator". Profiles of Outstanding Virgin Islanders. Charlotte Amalie, U. S. Virgin Islands: United States Virgin Islands Department of Education. 1972. pp. 2–4. OCLC 48852240.
- Barceló-Miller, María de Fátima (2015). "Halfhearted Solidarity: Women Workers and the Women's Suffrage Movement in Puerto Rico During the 1920s". In Matos-Rodriguez, Felix; Delgado, Linda (eds.). Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives. London, UK: Routledge. pp. 126–142. ISBN 978-1-317-46160-9.
- Moolenaar, Ruth (1982). "Bertha C. Boschulte School". Brief Historical Notes on Schools of the Virgin Islands. Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands: Virgin Islands Department of Education. p. 7.
- Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn (1998). "Enfranchising Women of Color: Woman Suffragists as Agents of Imperialism". In Pierson, Ruth Roach; Chaudhuri, Nupur; McAuley, Beth (eds.). Nation, Empire, Colony: Historicizing Gender and Race. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–56. ISBN 0-253-11386-5.