Energy density Extended Reference Table

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This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page:

Energy densities table
Storage type Specific energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary Antimatter 89,875,517,874 depends on density
Deuterium–tritium fusion 576,000,000
Uranium-235 fissile isotope 144,000,000 1,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor 86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor 3,456,000 35%
Pu-238 α-decay 2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer 1,326,000 17,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor 443,000 35%
Ta-180m isomer 41,340 689,964
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy) 216
Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit (approximate) 33.0
Beryllium + Oxygen 23.9
Lithium + Fluorine 23.75
Octaazacubane potential explosive 22.9
Hydrogen + Oxygen 13.4
Gasoline + Oxygen –> Derived from Gasoline 13.3
Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed 9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive 8.5 16.9
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed 8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed 8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine) 7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive 7
Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed 6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer) 6.9 12.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed 6.6
Nitroglycerin 6.38 10.2
ANFO-ANNM 6.26
battery, Lithium–air 6.12
Octogen (HMX) 5.7 10.8
TNT 4.610 6.92
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer) 4.13 20.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer) 4.00 18.4
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant) 2.7 3.8
battery, Lithium-ion nanowire 2.54 29 95%
battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2) 2.5
Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C 1.968 0.708
Kinetic energy penetrator 1.9 30
battery, Lithium–Sulfur 1.80 1.26
battery, Fluoride-ion 1.7 2.8
battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell 1.62
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.6 1.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.4 2.5
Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt 1 98%
Molecular spring approximate 1
battery, Lithium–Manganese 0.83-1.01 1.98-2.09
battery, Sodium–Sulfur 0.72 1.23 85%
battery, Lithium-ion 0.46-0.72 0.83-3.6 95%
battery, Sodium–Nickel Chloride, High Temperature 0.56
battery, Zinc–manganese (alkaline), long life design 0.4-0.59 1.15-1.43
battery, Silver-oxide 0.47 1.8
Flywheel 0.36-0.5
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet muzzle energy density 0.4 3.2
battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries 0.4 1.55
Liquid Nitrogen 0.349
Water – Enthalpy of Fusion 0.334 0.334
battery, Zinc–Bromine flow (ZnBr) 0.27
battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), High-Power design as used in cars 0.250 0.493
battery, Nickel–Cadmium (NiCd) 0.14 1.08 80%
battery, Zinc–Carbon 0.13 0.331
battery, Lead–acid 0.14 0.36
battery, Vanadium redox 0.09 0.1188 7070-75%
battery, Vanadium–Bromide redox 0.18 0.252 80%–90%
Capacitor Ultracapacitor 0.0199 0.050
Capacitor Supercapacitor 0.01 80%–98.5% 39%–70%
Superconducting magnetic energy storage 0 0.008 >95%
Capacitor 0.002
Neodymium magnet 0.003
Ferrite magnet 0.0003
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring 0.0003 0.0006
Storage type Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) Energy density by volume (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %

Notes

[edit]
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  4. ^ Glukhovtsev, Mikhail N.; Jiao, Haijun; Schleyer, Paul von Ragué (1996-05-28). "Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?†". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (24): 7124–7133. doi:10.1021/ic9606237. PMID 11666896.
  5. ^ Miller, Catherine (1 February 2021). "Introduction to Rocket Propulsion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  6. ^ Wiley Interscience
  7. ^ Octanitrocubane
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  24. ^ A typically available lithium-ion cell with an Energy Density of 201 wh/kg "Li-Ion 18650 Cylindrical Cell 3.6V 2600mAh - Highest Energy Density Cell in Market (LC-18650H4) - LC-18650H4". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
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  29. ^ "Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
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