Freedom Rides Museum

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Montgomery Greyhound Bus Station
The Greyhound Bus Station in 2009
Freedom Rides Museum is located in Montgomery, Alabama
Freedom Rides Museum
Freedom Rides Museum is located in Alabama
Freedom Rides Museum
Freedom Rides Museum is located in the United States
Freedom Rides Museum
Location210 S. Court St., Montgomery, Alabama
Coordinates32°22′29″N 86°18′33″W / 32.37472°N 86.30917°W / 32.37472; -86.30917
Built1951
ArchitectW.S. Arrasmith
Architectural styleStreamline moderne
NRHP reference No.11000298[1]
Added to NRHPMay 16, 2011

The Freedom Rides Museum is located at 210 South Court Street in Montgomery, Alabama, in the building which was until 1995 the Montgomery Greyhound Bus Station. It was the site of a violent attack on participants in the 1961 Freedom Ride during the Civil Rights Movement. The May 1961 assaults, carried out by a mob of white protesters who confronted the civil rights activists, "shocked the nation and led the Kennedy Administration to side with civil rights protesters for the first time."[2]

The property is no longer used as a bus station, but the building was saved from demolition and its façade has been restored. The site was leased by the Alabama Historical Commission and a historical marker was located in front of the building.[2] In 2011, a museum was opened inside the building, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The museum won a national preservation award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation in 2012.

Construction

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In 1950, Greyhound Lines retained architect W.S. Arrasmith to build a new bus station in Montgomery, Alabama, to replace an earlier station on North Court Street. Incorporating a streamlined style and vertical "Greyhound" name in neon, it is an unassuming example of Greyhound bus stations in that time, derived from a standard plan and built for $300,000.[3] The station opened in August, 1951.[4]

The bus station is significant only in its relationship to the events of the single day of May 20, 1961. The building had a door labelled "Colored Entrance"; African Americans entered through it directly into the bus bay, accessing interior of the segregated terminal from the rear.[3] The site at 210 Court Street placed the station directly behind Montgomery's U.S. District Courthouse on Lee Street.[5]

Freedom Ride to and through Montgomery

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Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States, in 1961 and subsequent years, to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions which had ruled segregated public buses to be unconstitutional.[2]

As organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) for May 1961, the rides would have mixed pairs of riders sit side by side on Greyhound and Trailways buses crossing the American South from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans, between May 4 and May 17. Alabama stops were planned for Anniston, Birmingham, and Montgomery, during the final leg that ran from Atlanta, Georgia to New Orleans.[6][7]

Violence in Anniston and Birmingham

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In Anniston, a mob of angry whites violently attacked the Greyhound bus and set it on fire; the riders were severely beaten. The Trailways bus arrived an hour later and was boarded in Anniston by Ku Klux Klan members who beat up the Freedom Riders. It was also attacked in Birmingham, and several riders (including James Peck) were beaten in front of the press. Reports of the violence reached U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, who urged restraint on the part of Freedom Riders and sent an assistant, John Seigenthaler, to Birmingham. CORE agreed to halt the Freedom Ride in Birmingham on May 14, with the remaining riders flying to New Orleans.[8]

The Nashville Student Movement continues the Ride

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Diane Nash, of the Nashville Student Movement (and a member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) and others were undeterred, and 21 young students,[9] including John Lewis, took the place of the original riders for a leg of the Freedom Ride to Montgomery (the ultimate destination was Jackson, Mississippi). All but one (Ruby Doris Smith, from Atlanta) were from Nashville, Tennessee,[10] and many were from Fisk University. Greyhound had initially refused to allow any of their drivers to drive the bus; after an angry intervention by Robert F. Kennedy, and with an escort of state troopers provided by Floyd Mann, the Alabama Director of Public Safety, the bus left Birmingham for Montgomery on May 20.[8]

Violence in Montgomery and federal involvement

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The riders were left unescorted by the state troopers as they reached Montgomery city limits, and arrived at the bus station at 10:23 AM. There they were met by a crowd of violent white protesters, including women and children. Several were injured in the attack, including Robert Kennedy's assistant John Seigenthaler, who had followed the bus in his car: attempting to rescue two white female riders, he was hit over the head with a metal pipe and "lay unconscious on the ground for half an hour."[8] Floyd Mann, who had stationed his troopers a few blocks away despite lacking jurisdiction, stepped in to protect William Barbee, who was to remain paralyzed and died an early death as a result of his beating. Mann fired his gun in the air, yelling, "'There'll be no killing here today.' A white attacker raised his bat for a final blow" at an unconscious Jim Zwerg who was accompanied by John Lewis. Mann put his gun to the man's head. "One more swing," he said, "and you're dead." Mann's troopers soon arrived at the terminal to restore order.[11]

On Sunday, May 21, Martin Luther King Jr., C.K. Steele, and SCLC officers[10] came to support the Freedom Riders. That evening, they and the riders joined the evening service in Ralph Abernathy's First Baptist Church on North Ripley Street[12] while some 3000 angry protesters yelled outside, burning a car and threatening to burn the church.[8] From inside the church, King telephoned Robert Kennedy, who urged the activists to "cool down," a proposal refused first by Diane Nash, and then by James Farmer (on behalf of CORE) and King.[10] Kennedy had sent 500 U.S. Marshals, headed by United States Deputy Attorney General Byron White. Airborne troops were on standby at Fort Benning,[8] just across the Georgia state line. The Kennedy Administration's decision that it would send US troops to restore order was protested by city and state officials.[13] The marshals, with the help of Floyd Mann and his state troopers, managed to keep the mob at bay;[8] it was finally dispersed with the help of the National Guard at midnight.[14]

On the morning of Wednesday, May 24, the Freedom Ride resumed, with riders boarding buses from Montgomery bound for Jackson, Mississippi. A first group of riders left from the Trailways station, and a second boarded a mid-day Greyhound departure.[15] In Jackson, the students, which by now included Nashville Student Movement activists Bernard Lafayette, James Bevel, and others, were arrested as they attempted to desegregate the "Black" and "White" waiting rooms in the bus terminal.[16][17]

As a result of the unrest and the nationwide publicity generated by the Freedom Rides, in late May Robert Kennedy was able to successfully petition the Interstate Commerce Commission to adopt stronger regulations and desegregate interstate transportation.[18] The bus station attack had also resulted in a court order against the Ku Klux Klan by Judge Frank M. Johnson,[19] who served in the courthouse directly behind the Greyhound station.[20] The courthouse was named for Johnson in 1992.

Closure and preservation

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In 2008, exterior panels were added that illustrate the events of May 1961

The Greyhound station was closed in 1995, and its history is indicated by a historic marker placed there in 1996.[21] The station fell into disrepair, and plans to open a museum were delayed repeatedly, leading to accusations of racial prejudice against the Alabama Historical Commission. The internationally renowned architectural firm Ralph Appelbaum Associates produced a design plan for the building.[22] The site was noted as one of Montgomery's tourist attractions though the building could not be entered.[23]

In 2008, descriptive panels were added across the front exterior of the building. In images and text, the fifteen panels illustrated the events of May 1961, but the interior remained inaccessible.[9]

In 2009, the services of Cohen Carnaggio Reynolds, architects out of Birmingham, AL, were retained by the Alabama Historical Commission to rehabilitate and refurbish the interior of the bus station into The Freedom Rides Museum.

Since 2011, the station has housed the Freedom Rides Museum.

In May 2011, commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the riot at the bus station, a 3,000-square-foot (280 m2) museum was opened in the presence of Jim Zwerg.[24] The building was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 16, 2011.[25] Previous owners had covered the original segregated entrance with bricks and torn down a sign indicating where non-whites were supposed to enter. The museum opted not to restore these features, but it did choose to highlight the building's segregated design in its exhibitions.[26]

In May 2021 the museum unveiled a restored Greyhound bus in honor of the 60th anniversary of the Freedom Riders. The 1957 model bus was in service during the Freedom Rides in 1961.[27]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 5/16/11 through 5/20/11". National Park Service. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  2. ^ a b c "Greyhound Bus Station". Alabama Historical Commission. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
  3. ^ a b Foell, Stephanie (10 May 2004). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Montgomery Greyhound Bus Station" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 12 March 2015. 44 pages and photos.
  4. ^ "African American History Month -- National Register of Historic Places Official Website--Part of the National Park Service--Montgomery Greyhound Bus Station, Alabama". www.nps.gov. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  5. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form" (PDF). Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  6. ^ "The Freedom Rides". Congress of Racial Equality. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  7. ^ "1961 Freedom Rides Map" Archived 2018-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, Library of Congress
  8. ^ a b c d e f Schlesinger, Arthur M. (2002). Robert Kennedy and His Times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 296–300. ISBN 978-0-618-21928-5.
  9. ^ a b Benn, Alvin (25 May 2008). "Site memorializes Freedom Riders". The Montgomery Advertiser. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
  10. ^ a b c Olson, Lynne (2001). Freedom's daughters: the unsung heroines of the civil rights movement from 1830 to 1970. Simon and Schuster. pp. 186–88. ISBN 978-0-684-85012-2.
  11. ^ David Halberstam, The Children (New York: Ballantine, 1999). Quoted in Oshinsky, David M. (15 March 1998). "Freedom Riders: David Halberstam's account of the civil rights movement, from the sit-ins to the buses, and those who led it". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  12. ^ Lewis, John (21 May 2001). "Acceptance Speech by Congressman John Lewis". John F. Kennedy Library. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
  13. ^ "Kennedy Acts in Bus Riot. A Part of the Violence in Montgomery: Sends 400 Marshals, FBI Men to Alabama. U.S. Aid Isn't Needed or Welcome, City and State Officials Say of Government Intervention". Chicago Daily Tribune. 21 May 1961.
  14. ^ Rabby, Glenda Alice (1999). The pain and the promise: the struggle for civil rights in Tallahassee, Florida. U of Georgia P. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8203-2051-9.
  15. ^ "Freedom Rides of 1961" (PDF). Civil Rights Movement Archive. Retrieved 3 April 2018. On Wednesday morning, May 24, a dozen Freedom Riders board a Trailways bus for the 250 mile journey to Jackson MS. Surrounded by Highway Patrol and National Guard, the bus Surrounded by a huge racist mob, Freedom Ride supporters in Montgomery's First Baptist Church endure a night of tear gas and terror with steadfast courage. Life Magazine photo. Photo by Bruce Davidson 5 heads west on Highway 80 in a caravan of more than 40 vehicles. They pass through Selma at top speed without stopping — there will be no bus-depot rest stops until Jackson seven hours from Montgomery. Meanwhile, back in Montgomery, 14 more Riders board the mid-day Greyhound for Jackson.
  16. ^ "Bernard Lafayette Jr. Freedom Rider Tampa, FL". WGBH Educational Foundation.
  17. ^ "Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle: Chronology". Stanford University, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. Archived from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  18. ^ Rosenberg, Gerald N. (2008). The hollow hope: can courts bring about social change?. U of Chicago P. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-226-72671-7.
  19. ^ "Honoring Freedom Riders at an Old Bus Station". The New York Times. Associated Press. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  20. ^ "Montgomery Greyhound Bus Station - National Register of Historic Places Registration Form" (PDF). National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. 2011.
  21. ^ Roedl, Ken (12 February 2000). "Bus Terminal Violence Outraged Country". The Montgomery Advertiser. p. D.1.
  22. ^ Wingfield, Kyle (5 October 2004). "Freedom Riders Bus Station Museum Delayed". MSNBC. Retrieved 22 October 2009.[dead link]
  23. ^ "Information: A sampling of civil-rights attractions in Alabama by city". Youngstown Vindicator. 1 February 2004. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
  24. ^ Griffin, Allison (15 May 2011). "Freedom Rides: Historic bus station's transformation into a museum now complete". Montgomery Advertiser. Archived from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  25. ^ "Freedom Rides Museum". Alabama Historical Commission. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  26. ^ Holbrook, Sharon (Summer 2024). "Five Historic Greyhound Stations Live On With New Uses". Preservation Magazine. National Trust for Historic Preservation.
  27. ^ Christina Zdanowicz. "Vintage Greyhound bus is restored to commemorate the Freedom Rides' 60th anniversary". CNN. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
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