Jean-Antoine Houdon

Jean-Antoine Houdon
1808 portrait by Rembrandt Peale
Born	(1741-03-20)20 March 1741 Versailles, France
Died	15 July 1828(1828-07-15) (aged 87) Paris, France
Education	Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture
Known for	Portrait sculpture
Spouse	Marie-Ange-Cecile Langlois
Awards	Prix de Rome

Jean-Antoine, chevalier Houdon (French: [ʒɑ̃ ɑ̃twan udɔ̃];^[1] 20 March 1741 – 15 July 1828) was a French neoclassical sculptor.

Houdon is famous for his portrait busts and statues of philosophers, inventors and political figures of the Enlightenment. Houdon's subjects included Denis Diderot (1771), Benjamin Franklin (1778-1809), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1778), Voltaire (1781), Molière (1781), George Washington (1785–1788), Thomas Jefferson (1789), Louis XVI (1790), Robert Fulton (1803–04), and Napoléon Bonaparte (1806).

Houdon was born in Versailles, on 20 March 1741.^[2] In 1752, he entered the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, where he studied with René-Michel Slodtz, Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, and Jean-Baptiste Pigalle.^[3] From 1761 to 1764, he studied at the École royale des élèves protégés.^[4]

Houdon won the Prix de Rome in 1761, but was not greatly influenced by ancient and Renaissance art in Rome. His stay in the city is marked by two characteristic and important productions: the superb écorché^[5] (1767), an anatomical model which has served as a guide to all artists since his day, and the statue of Saint Bruno in the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri in Rome. After four years in Italy, Houdon returned to Paris.^[6]

He submitted Morpheus to the Salon of 1771.^[7] He developed his practise of portrait busts. He became a member of the Académie de peinture et de sculpture in 1771, and a professor in 1778. In 1778, he modeled Voltaire, producing a portrait bust with wig for the Comédie-Française; one for the Palace of Versailles, and one for Catherine the Great.^[8]

In 1778, he joined the masonic lodge Les Neuf Sœurs, where he later met Benjamin Franklin, and John Paul Jones.^[9] For Salon of 1781, he submitted a Diana which was refused without drapery.^[3]

Houdon's portrait sculpture of Washington was the result of a specific invitation by Benjamin Franklin to cross the Atlantic in 1785, specifically to visit Mount Vernon, so that Washington could model for him. Washington sat for wet clay life models and a plaster life mask. These models served for many commissions of Washington, including the standing figure commissioned by the Virginia General Assembly, for the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond.^[3] Numerous variations of the Washington bust were produced, portraying him variously as a general in uniform, in the classical manner showing chest musculature, and as Roman Consul Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus clad in a toga.

In the 1780s, Houdon produced two semi-nude sculptures, Winter and Bather.^[10]

Perceived as bourgeois for his connections to the court of Louis XVI, he fell out of favour during the French Revolution, although he escaped imprisonment. Houdon returned to favor during the French Consulate and Empire, being taken on as one of the original artistic team for what became the Column of the Grande Armée at Wimille.^[3]

He was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, on 17 December 1804.^[11] He was created a Chevalier de l'Empire in 1809, which was made hereditary by letters patent in 1816.

Houdon died in Paris on 15 July 1828,^[3] and was interred at the Montparnasse Cemetery.^[12]

On 1 July 1786, he married Marie-Ange-Cecile Langlois;^[13] they had three daughters: Sabine, Anne-Ange, and Claudine.^[14]

Houdon's sculptures were used as models for the engravings used on various U.S. postage stamps of the late 19th and early 20th centuries which depict Washington in profile.^[15]

• 
  Bust of Armand Thomas Hue de Miromesnil, 1775, Victoria and Albert Museum
• 
  Bust of Washington based on a life mask cast in 1786, National Portrait Gallery
• 
  Bust of Voltaire, 1778, Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Angers
• 
  Voltaire, 1778, National Gallery of Art
• 
  Bust of Madame Récamier after Joseph Chinard
• 
  George Washington, Virginia State Capitol complex
• 
  Seated Voltaire, Musée Fabre
• 
  Skinned Man, Musée Fabre
• 
  Winter, 1783, Musée Fabre
• 
  The Summer, 1785, Fabre Museum
• 
  Diana, 1780, Calouste Gulbenkian Museum
• 
  Bust of Anne-Marie-Louise Thomas de Domangeville de Sérilly, Comtesse de Pange (1780), Art Institute of Chicago
• 
  Madame Houdon, Louvre

• Neoclassicism in France
• Washington-Franklin Issues

• Harvard, Arnason H. (1975), The Sculptures of Houdon, London: Phaidon
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Houdon, Jean Antoine" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Jean-Antoine Houdon". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Murray, Christopher John, ed. (2004), Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850: A-K, vol. 1, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 9781579584238
• Poulet, Ann L. and Scherf, Guilhem (2003). Jean-Antoine Houdon: Sculptor of the Enlightenment (PDF) (exhibition catalogue). Washington, D.C.; Chicago, IL: National Gallery of Art, in association with the University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-67647-1. LCCN 2003-2220. OCLC 1015315163.
• Hart, Charles Henry; Biddle, Edward (1911), Memoirs of the Life and Works of Jean Antoine Houdon: The Sculptor of Voltaire and of Washington, Princeton University, ISBN 9781425499891; Kessinger Publishing, 2006, ISBN 9781425499891
• Marshall, Bill; Kaufman, Will; Johnston, Cristina, eds. (2005), France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, And History, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 9781851094110

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Antoine Houdon.

• Virtual Gallery
• Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741–1828) (Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History)
• Art and the empire city: New York, 1825–1861, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Houdon (see index)
• Jean-Antoine Houdon in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website