João Figueiredo

The Most Excellent João Figueiredo
Official portrait, 1979
30th President of Brazil
In office 15 March 1979 – 15 March 1985
Vice President	Aureliano Chaves
Preceded by	Ernesto Geisel
Succeeded by	José Sarney
Further offices held Head of the National Intelligence Service In office 15 March 1974 – 14 June 1978 Nominated by Ernesto Geisel Preceded by Carlos Alberto da Fontoura Succeeded by Otávio Aguiar de Medeiros Head of the Military Cabinet In office 30 October 1969 – 15 March 1974 Nominated by Emílio Garrastazu Médici Preceded by Jaime Portela de Melo Succeeded by Hugo de Abreu
Personal details
Born	(1918-01-15)15 January 1918 Rio de Janeiro, Federal District, Brazil
Died	24 December 1999(1999-12-24) (aged 81) Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Resting place	São Francisco Xavier Cemetery
Political party	PDS (1979–1985) ARENA (1978–1979)
Spouse	Dulce Castro ​ (m. 1942)​
Children	2
Alma mater	Military School of Realengo Officers Improvement School
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Brazil
Branch/service	Brazilian Army
Years of service	1935–1979
Rank	Army General
Commands	National Intelligence Service Rio de Janeiro Section Department of Public Security of São Paulo 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment General Staff of the Third Army
Battles/wars	Communist Uprising of 1935 1964 Brazilian coup d'état

João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo (Portuguese: [ʒuˈɐ̃w baˈtʃistɐ dʒi oliˈvejɾɐ fiɡejˈɾedu, ˈʒwɐ̃w -]; 15 January 1918 – 24 December 1999) was a Brazilian military leader and politician who served as the 30th president of Brazil from 1979 to 1985, the last of the military regime that ruled the country following the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état. He was chief of the Secret Service (SNI) during the term of his predecessor, Ernesto Geisel, who appointed him to the presidency at the end of his own term.

He continued the process of redemocratization that Geisel had started and sanctioned a law decreeing amnesty for all political crimes committed during the regime. His term was marked by a severe economic crisis and growing dissatisfaction with the military rule, culminating in the Diretas Já protests of 1984, which clamored for direct elections for the Presidency, the last of which had taken place 24 years prior. Figueiredo opposed this and in 1984 Congress rejected the immediate return of direct elections, in favor of an indirect election by Congress, which was nonetheless won by the opposition candidate Tancredo Neves. Figueiredo retired after the end of his term and died in 1999.

João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo was born in Rio de Janeiro on January 15, 1918. He was the son of General Euclides Figueiredo and Valentina Silva de Oliveira Figueiredo, the third of six siblings.^[1][2][3]

His father was exiled for trying to topple the Estado Novo regime of Getúlio Vargas in 1938. Two of his brothers were also generals. The family could trace its origins in Brazil to the 1650s, having arrived from Barcelos in Northern Portugal and owning several slaves and sugar plantations. After studying at military schools of Porto Alegre and Realengo, Figueiredo was promoted to captain (1944) and to major (1952). He served as the Brazilian military attache in Paraguay (1955–1957) and worked for secret service of the Army General Staff (1959–1960). In 1961 he was transferred to the National Security Council. While teaching at the Army General Staff Command College (1961–1964), Figueiredo was promoted to colonel and appointed the department head in the National Information Service. In 1966 he assumed the command of public defense force in São Paulo. In 1967–1969 he commanded a regiment in Rio de Janeiro and was promoted to general. When General Emílio Garrastazu Médici assumed the presidency, Figueiredo was appointed head of the president's military staff (30 October 1969 – 15 March 1974).^{[citation needed]}

In 1974 he assumed the leadership of the National Intelligence Service of Brazil (15 March 1974 – 14 June 1978), a Brazil's internal security agency. Picked by President Ernesto Geisel as his successor, Figueiredo campaigned vigorously, even though he could not possibly be defeated; the president was elected by a legislature dominated by the pro-military National Renewal Alliance Party. As expected, he won easily against the nominal opposition candidate, General Monteiro.^{[citation needed]}

As president, he continued the gradual abertura (democratization) process instituted in 1974. An amnesty law, signed by Figueiredo on 28 August 1979, amnestied those convicted of "political or related" crimes between 1961 and 1978. In the early 1980s, the military regime could no longer effectively maintain the two-party system established in 1966. The Figueiredo administration dissolved the government-controlled National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA) and allowed new parties to be formed. In 1981 the Congress enacted a law to restore direct elections of state governors. The general election of 1982 brought victory to ARENA's successor, the pro-government Democratic Social Party (43.22% of the vote), and to the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (42.96%).^{[citation needed]}

The governorship of three major states, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, was won by the opposition. However, political developments were overshadowed by economic problems. As inflation and unemployment soared, the foreign debt reached massive proportions making Brazil the world's biggest debtor owing about US$90 billion to international lenders. The austerity program imposed by the government brought no signs of recovery for the Brazilian economy until the end of Figueiredo's term. The president had a heart attack and injuries from horse riding and took two prolonged leaves for health treatment in 1981 and 1983, but civilian vice president Antônio Aureliano Chaves de Mendonça did not enjoy major political power. The opposition vigorously struggled to pass a constitutional amendment that would allow direct popular Presidential elections in November 1984, but the proposal failed to win passage in the Congress. The opposition candidate Tancredo Neves succeeded Figueiredo when Congress held an election for the new president.^{[citation needed]}

After his presidency, Figueiredo did not return to politics and lived away from public attention. He would live his last years in his apartment in São Conrado, in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro. On December 24, 1999, Figueredo died due to kidney and heart failure.^[4][5] After his death President Fernando Henrique Cardoso declared three days of mourning.^[6] He is buried in the Caju Cemetery in Rio de Janeiro.

• 
  Figueiredo signs official documents during his inauguration ceremony in the National Congress, 15 March 1979
• 
  João (right) and Dulce Figueiredo with U.S. President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan before a State Dinner at the White House, 12 May 1982
• 
  Presidents Figueiredo and Reagan riding horses in Brasília, 1 December 1982

• Grand Cross of the Military Order of Aviz (27 July 1972)^[7]
• Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ (26 July 1973)^[7]
• Grand Collar of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword (22 September 1981)^[7]
• Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (9 May 1983)^[8]
• Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (2 July 1991)^[7]

• List of presidents of Brazil

• Media related to João Figueiredo at Wikimedia Commons
• Biography