Karnovsky fixative
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Karnovsky fixative, developed by the pathologist Morris J. Karnovsky (1926–2018), is a fixative for electron microscopy.[1]
Solution[edit]
The stock solution for Karnovsky fixative is as follows:[1]
- 2.0 g paraformaldehyde
- 25 ml distilled water
- 1M sodium hydroxide 2 to 4 drops
- 50% glutaraldehyde 5.0 ml
- 0.2M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, 20.0 ml
Mix the paraformaldehyde with 25 ml of distilled water in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Heat to 60 °C on a stir plate. When moisture forms on the sides of flask, add sodium hydroxide and stir until the solution clears. Cool solution under the faucet. Filter, add glutaraldehyde and 0.2M buffer, pH range 7.2 to 7.4.
Modified solutions[edit]
Karnovsky's fixative solution is often modified for specialized applications.[2][3] For example, 2% paraformaldehyde, 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 Molar sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) has been used to study the ultrastructure of renal pelvis fragments.[3]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Karnovsky fixative
- ^ Shah FA, Johansson BR, Thomsen P, Palmquist A (2015). "Ultrastructural evaluation of shrinkage artefacts induced by fixatives and embedding resins on osteocyte processes and pericellular space dimensions". Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 103 (4): 1565–1576. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.35287. PMID 25046613.
- ^ a b Favorito LA, Costa WS, Lobo M, Gallo CM, Sampaio FJ (2020). "Morphology of the fetal renal pelvis during the second trimester: Comparing genders". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.12.029. PMID 32037216.