KEAP1

KEAP1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1U6D, 1ZGK, 2FLU, 3VNG, 3VNH, 3ZGC, 3ZGD, 4CXI, 4CXJ, 4CXT, 4IFJ, 4IFL, 4IFN, 4IN4, 4IQK, 4L7B, 4L7C, 4L7D, 4N1B, 4XMB
Identifiers
Aliases	KEAP1, INrf2, KLHL19, kelch like ECH associated protein 1
External IDs	OMIM: 606016; MGI: 1858732; HomoloGene: 8184; GeneCards: KEAP1; OMA:KEAP1 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 19 (human)[1] Band 19p13.2 Start 10,486,125 bp[1] End 10,503,558 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 9 (mouse)[2] Band 9|9 A3 Start 21,141,026 bp[2] End 21,150,657 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in muscle of thigh gastrocnemius muscle apex of heart Skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis stromal cell of endometrium quadriceps femoris muscle vastus lateralis muscle C1 segment glutes Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii Top expressed in supraoptic nucleus ascending aorta muscle of thigh aortic valve trigeminal ganglion Paneth cell arcuate nucleus renal corpuscle dorsal tegmental nucleus skeletal muscle tissue More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function transcription factor binding ubiquitin-protein transferase activity protein binding protein homodimerization activity disordered domain specific binding identical protein binding Cellular component cytoplasm Cul3-RING ubiquitin ligase complex nucleoplasm microtubule organizing center midbody endoplasmic reticulum actin filament nucleus cytosol protein-containing complex Biological process cellular response to interleukin-4 regulation of epidermal cell differentiation regulation of transcription, DNA-templated in utero embryonic development proteasomal ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity transcription, DNA-templated protein ubiquitination positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process cytoplasmic sequestering of transcription factor protein deubiquitination post-translational protein modification viral process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 9817 50868 Ensembl ENSG00000079999 ENSMUSG00000003308 UniProt Q14145 Q9Z2X8 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_012289 NM_203500 NM_001110305 NM_001110306 NM_001110307 NM_016679 RefSeq (protein) NP_036421 NP_987096 NP_001103775 NP_001103776 NP_001103777 NP_057888 Location (UCSC) Chr 19: 10.49 – 10.5 Mb Chr 9: 21.14 – 21.15 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the Keap1 gene.^[5]

Keap1 has four discrete protein domains. The N-terminal Broad complex, Tramtrack and Bric-à-Brac (BTB) domain contains the Cys151 residue, which is one of the important cysteines in stress sensing. The intervening region (IVR) domain contains two critical cysteine residues, Cys273 and Cys288, which are a second group of cysteines important for stress sensing. A double glycine repeat (DGR) and C-terminal region domains collaborate to form a β-propeller structure, which is where Keap1 interacts with Nrf2.

Keap1 has been shown to interact with Nrf2, a master regulator of the antioxidant response, which is important for the amelioration of oxidative stress.^[6][7][8]

Under quiescent conditions, Nrf2 is anchored in the cytoplasm through binding to Keap1, which, in turn, facilitates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis of Nrf2. Such sequestration and further degradation of Nrf2 in the cytoplasm are mechanisms for the repressive effects of Keap1 on Nrf2. Keap1 is not only a tumor suppressor gene, but also a metastasis suppressor gene.^[9]

Recently, several interesting studies have also identified a hidden circuit in NRF2 regulations. In the mouse Keap1 (INrf2) gene, Lee and colleagues ^[10] found that an AREs located on a negative strand can subtly connect Nrf2 activation to Keap1 transcription. When examining NRF2 occupancies in human lymphocytes, Chorley and colleagues identified an approximately 700 bp locus within the KEAP1 promoter region was consistently top rank enriched, even at the whole-genome scale.^[11] These basic findings have depicted a mutually influenced pattern between NRF2 and KEAP1. NRF2-driven KEAP1 expression characterized in human cancer contexts, especially in human squamous cell cancers,^[12] depicted a new perspective in understanding NRF2 signaling regulation.

Because Nrf2 activation leads to a coordinated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response, and Keap1 represses Nrf2 activation, Keap1 has become a very attractive drug target.^{[13][14][15][16]}

A series of synthetic oleane triterpenoid compounds, known as antioxidant inflammation modulators (AIMs), are being developed by Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and are potent inducers of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, blocking Keap1-dependent Nrf2 ubiquitination and leading to the stabilization and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and subsequent induction of Nrf2 target genes.^{[citation needed]} The lead compound in this series, bardoxolone methyl (also known as CDDO-Me or RTA 402), was in late-stage clinical trials for the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and showed an ability to improve markers of renal function in these patients.^{[citation needed]} However, the Phase 3 trial was halted due to safety concerns.

Mutations in KEAP1 that result in loss-of-function are not linked to familial cancers, though they do predispose individuals to multinodular goiters. The proposed mechanism leading to goiter formation is that the redox stress experienced when the thyroid produces hormones selects for loss of heterozygosity of KEAP1, leading to the goiters.^[17]

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  (a) NRF2 and KEAP1 protein domains; (b) KEAP1 homodimerizes through the BTB domain, and through the Kelch domains KEAP1 interacts with NRF2 at the ETGE and DLG motifs^[17]
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  The relationship of the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway with cellular metabolism^[17]