Laurel complex

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Laurel complex" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Laurel complex

The Laurel complex and other cultures in the Hopewellian sphere
Geographical range	Upper Midwest, central Canada
Period	Woodland
Followed by	Blackduck tradition
Defined by	Lloyd Wilford

The Laurel complex or Laurel tradition is an archaeological culture which was present in what is now southern Quebec, southern and northwestern Ontario and east-central Manitoba in Canada, and northern Michigan, northwestern Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota in the United States. They were the first pottery using people of Ontario north of the Trent–Severn Waterway. The complex is named after the former unincorporated community of Laurel, Minnesota. It was first defined by Lloyd Wilford in 1941.^[1]

The Hopewell Exchange system began in the Ohio and Illinois River Valleys about 300 BCE. The culture is referred to more as a system of interaction among a variety of societies than as a single society or culture. Hopewell trading networks were quite extensive, with obsidian from the Yellowstone area, copper from Lake Superior, and shells from the Gulf Coast.

The construction of ceremonial mounds was an important feature of the Laurel complex, as it was for the Point Peninsula complex and other Hopewell cultures. Sites were usually located at rapids or falls where sturgeon come to spawn and ceremonies may have coincided with this yearly event. The mounds and the artifacts contained within them indicate contact with the Adena and Hopewell of the Ohio River valley. It is unknown if the contact was direct or indirect.^[2]

The first mound-builders in what is now the Kay-Nah-Chi-Wah-Nung National Historic Site of Canada, Laurel culture (c.2300 BP - 900 BP) who lived "in villages and built large round burial mounds along the edge of the river, as monuments to their dead."^[3] These mounds remain visible today.^[4] Kay-Nah-Chi-Wah-Nung is considered to be one of the "most significant centres of early habitation and ceremonial burial in Canada," is located on the north side Rainy River in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It became part of a continent-wide trading network because of its strategic location at the centre of major North American waterways.^[3]

The later Blackduck tradition has been framed as a successor culture in the region, with the archaeologist K. C. A. Dawson positioning the Blackduck as a new, unrelated population which spread northward through northern Minnesota, southern Manitoba, and northwestern Ontario c. AD 500 to AD 900.^[5] Blackduck ceramics were notably better-constructed than Woodland period predecessors, with thinner walls and larger size.^[6] It was noted by Dawson that at the Wabinosh River site north of Lake Superior, late Laurel ceramics display some traits of the Blackduck and Selkirk traditions. Dawson associates the Laurel with an Archaic period residual population, with an influx of Blackduck people as the climate in the north became milder; he associates the Blackduck with the Ojibwe.^[5]

• Hopewell tradition
• List of Hopewell sites
• Saugeen complex
• Point Peninsula complex

• Dawson, K. C. A. (1980). "The MacGillivray Site: A Laurel Tradition Site in Northwestern Ontario". Ontario Archaeology. 34. Ontario Archaeological Society: 45–68.
• Dawson, K. C. A. (1978). "The Mound Island Site: A Multi-Component Woodland Period Habitation Site in Northwestern Ontario" (PDF). Ontario Archaeology. 30. Ontario Archaeological Society: 47–66. Description and analysis of a Laurel site with later Terminal Woodland elements.
• Dawson, K. C. A. (1974). The McCluskey Site. Mercury Series. University of Ottawa Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv16vm8. Description and analysis of a site with Blackduck and Laurel components.
• Mason, Ronald J. (August 1970). "Hopewell, Middle Woodland, and the Laurel Culture: A Problem in Archeological Classification". American Anthropologist. 72 (4). Wiley: 802–815. JSTOR 671655.
• Wright, J. V. (1967). "The Laurel tradition and the Middle Woodland period". National Museum of Canada Bulletin (217). Queen's Printer.

• The Footprints of Wasahkacahk: The Churchill River Diversion Project and Destruction of the Nelson House Cree Historical Landscape (1977, Eva Mary Minah Linklater)
• Initial Woodland Complexes in the Far North: The Laurel Culture, 50 B.C. to A.D. 1000

This article relating to the Indigenous peoples of North America is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

• v
• t
• e