List of emperors of Japan

From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Japan has been ruled by emperors since antiquity. The sequence, order and dates of the early emperors are almost entirely based on the 8th-century Nihon Shoki, which was meant to retroactively legitimise the Imperial House by dating its foundation further back to the year 660 BC.[1][2][3] There are several theories as to who was the first Japanese ruler supported by historical evidence: notable candidates are Emperor Ōjin (r. c. 4C), Emperor Yūryaku (r. 456–479), Emperor Keitai (r. 507-531 or 534) and Emperor Kinmei (r. 539–571), among others.[4][5]

The terms Tennō ('Emperor', 天皇), as well as Nihon ('Japan', 日本), were not adopted until the late 7th century AD.[6][2] In the nengō system which has been in use since the late 7th century, years are numbered using the Japanese era name and the number of years which have elapsed since the start of that nengō era.[7]

Emperors of Japan

[edit]
No. Portrait Personal name or prince name Posthumous name Reign and era names[8][9][i] Life details
1 Hikohohodemi
彦火火出見 		Emperor Jimmu
神武天皇 		660–585 BC
(75 years) 		721 or 711–585 BC
(126 or 136 years)
Son of kami Ugayafukiaezu. Claimed descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu. Defeated Nagasunehiko in the Eastern Expedition to become emperor. Presumed legendary.[11]
2 Kamununakawamimi or prince tukiska
神渟名川耳 		Emperor Suizei
綏靖天皇 		581–549 BC
(32 years) 		632–549 BC
(83 years)
Son of Emperor Jimmu. Presumed legendary.[12]
3 Shikitsuhikotamatemi
磯城津彦玉手看 		Emperor Annei
安寧天皇 		549–511 BC
(37 years) 		567–511 BC
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Suizei. Presumed legendary.[13]
4 Ōyamatohikosukitomo
大日本彦耜友 		Emperor Itoku
懿徳天皇 		510–477 BC
(33 years) 		553–477 BC
(76 years)
Son of Emperor Annei. Presumed legendary.[14]
5 Mimatsuhikokaeshine
観松彦香殖稲 		Emperor Kōshō
孝昭天皇 		475–393 BC
(82 years) 		506–393 BC
(113 years)
Son of Emperor Itoku. Presumed legendary.[15]
6 Yamatotarashihikokunioshihito
日本足彦国押人 		Emperor Kōan
孝安天皇 		392–291 BC
(101 years) 		427–291 BC
(136 years)
Son of Emperor Kōshō. Presumed legendary.[16]
7 Ōyamatonekohikofutoni
大日本根子彦太瓊 		Emperor Kōrei
孝霊天皇 		290–215 BC
(75 years) 		342–215 BC
(127 years)
Son of Emperor Kōan. Presumed legendary.[17]
8 Ōyamatonekohikokunikuru
大日本根子彦国牽 		Emperor Kōgen
孝元天皇 		214–158 BC
(56 years) 		273–158 BC
(115 years)
Son of Emperor Kōrei. Presumed legendary.[18]
9 Wakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi
稚日本根子彦大日日 		Emperor Kaika
開化天皇 		157–98 BC
(59 years) 		208–98 BC
(110 years)
Son of Emperor Kōgen. Presumed legendary.[19]
10 Mimaki
御間城 		Emperor Sujin
崇神天皇 		97–30 BC
(67 years) 		148–30 BC
(118 years)
Son of Emperor Kaika. First emperor with a direct possibility of existence.[20] Still presumed legendary.[21]
11 Ikume
活目 		Emperor Suinin
垂仁天皇 		29 BC–AD 70
(99 years) 		69 BC–AD 70
(127 years)
Son of Emperor Sujin. Presumed legendary.[22]
12 Ōtarashihiko
大足彦 		Emperor Keikō
景行天皇 		71–130
(59 years) 		13 BC–AD 130
(143 years)
Son of Emperor Suinin. Presumed legendary.[23]
13 Wakatarashihiko
稚足彦 		Emperor Seimu
成務天皇 		131–190
(59 years) 		84–190
(106 years)
Son of Emperor Keikō. Presumed legendary.[24]
14 Tarashinakatsuhiko
足仲彦 		Emperor Chūai
仲哀天皇 		192–200
(8 years) 		149–200
(51 years)
Grandson of Emperor Keikō; nephew of Emperor Seimu. First emperor to ascend the throne without being the son of the previous emperor. Died during a campaign against the Kumaso tribe. Presumed legendary.[25]
– Okinagatarashi
息長帯比売 		Empress Jingū
神功皇后 		201–269
(68 years) 		170–269
(99 years)
Wife of Emperor Chūai; mother and regent of Emperor Ōjin. Not counted among the officially numbered emperors. Presumed legendary.[26]
15 Homutawake
誉田別 		Emperor Ōjin
応神天皇 		270–310
(40 years) 		201–310
(109 years)
Son of Emperor Chūai and Empress Jingū. Deified in Shinto and Buddhism in Japan as Hachiman. Presumed legendary.[27]
16 Ohosazaki
大鷦鷯 		Emperor Nintoku
仁徳天皇 		313–399
(86 years) 		290–399
(108–109 years)
Son of Emperor Ōjin. Presumed legendary.[28]
17 Ōenoizahowake
大兄去来穂別 		Emperor Richū
履中天皇 		400–405
(5 years) 		336–405
(69 years)
Son of Emperor Nintoku. Presumed legendary.[29]
18 Mizuhawake
瑞歯別 		Emperor Hanzei
反正天皇 		406–410
(5 years) 		352–411
(59 years)
Son of Emperor Nintoku; younger brother of Emperor Richū. Presumed legendary.[30]
19 Oasatsuma Wakugo no Sukune
雄朝津間稚子宿禰 		Emperor Ingyō
允恭天皇 		411–453
(42 years) 		376–453
(77 years)
Son of Emperor Nintoku; younger brother of Emperor Richū and Emperor Hanzei. Presumed legendary.[31]
20 Anaho
穴穂 		Emperor Ankō
安康天皇 		453–456
(3 years) 		401–456
(55 years)
Son of Emperor Ingyō. Assassinated by Prince Mayowa. Presumed legendary.[32]
21 Ōhatuse no Wakatakeru
大泊瀬稚武 		Emperor Yūryaku
雄略天皇 		456–479
(23 years) 		418–479
(61 years)
Son of Emperor Ingyō; younger brother of Emperor Ankō. Presumed legendary.[33]
22 Shiraka
白髪 		Emperor Seinei
清寧天皇 		480–484
(4 years) 		444–484
(40 years)
Son of Emperor Yūryaku. Presumed legendary.[34]
23 Woke
弘計 		Emperor Kenzō
顕宗天皇 		485–487
(2 years) 		450–487
(37 years)
Grandson of Emperor Richū; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Seinei. Presumed legendary.[35]
24 Oke
億計 		Emperor Ninken
仁賢天皇 		488–498
(10 years) 		448–498
(50 years)
Grandson of Emperor Richū; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Seinei; older brother of Emperor Kenzō. Presumed legendary.[36]
25 Ohatsuse no Wakasazaki
小泊瀬稚鷦鷯 		Emperor Buretsu
武烈天皇 		499–506
(7 years) 		489–506
(17 years)
Son of Emperor Ninken. Presumed legendary.[37]
26 Ohodo[ii]
袁本杼 		Emperor Keitai
継体天皇 		507–531
(24 years) 		450–531
(81 years)
5th-generation grandson of Emperor Ōjin. Became emperor at the recommendation of Ōtomo no Kanamura. Possible founder of a new dynasty. Presumed legendary.[38][39]
27 Magari
勾 		Emperor Ankan
安閑天皇 		534–535
(1 year) 		466–535
(69 years)
Son of Emperor Keitai. Presumed legendary.[40]
28 Hinokuma-no-takata
檜隈高田 		Emperor Senka
宣化天皇 		536–539
(3 years) 		467–539
(72 years)
Son of Emperor Keitai; younger brother of Emperor Ankan. Presumed legendary.[41]
29 Amekunioshiharakihironiwa
天国排開広庭 		Emperor Kinmei
欽明天皇 		540–571
(31 years) 		509–571
(62 years)
Son of Emperor Keitai; younger brother of Emperor Ankan and Emperor Senka. First historically verifiable emperor.[5][42]
30 Nunakura no Futotamashiki
渟中倉太珠敷 		Emperor Bidatsu
敏達天皇 		572–585
(13 years) 		538–585
(47 years)
Son of Emperor Kinmei.[43]
31 Tachibana no Toyohi
橘豊日 		Emperor Yōmei
用明天皇 		586–587
(1 year) 		517–587
(70 years)
Son of Emperor Kinmei; half-brother of Emperor Bidatsu.[44]
32 Hatsusebe
泊瀬部 		Emperor Sushun
崇峻天皇 		588–592
(4 years) 		522–592
(70 years)
Son of Emperor Kinmei; half-brother of Emperor Bidatsu and Emperor Yōmei. Made emperor by Soga no Umako following the Soga–Mononobe conflict. Assassinated by Yamatonoaya no Koma on the orders of Soga no Umako.[45]
33 Nukatabe
額田部 		Empress Suiko
推古天皇 		593–628
(35 years) 		554–628
(74 years)
Daughter of Emperor Kinmei; half-sister and wife of Emperor Bidatsu. First non-legendary female monarch. Prince Shōtoku acted as her regent.[46]
34 Tamura
田村 		Emperor Jomei
舒明天皇 		629–641
(12 years) 		593–641
(48 years)
Grandson of Emperor Bidatsu; great nephew of Empress Suiko.[47]
35 Takara
宝 		Empress Kōgyoku
皇極天皇 		642–645
(3 years) 		594–661
(67 years)
Great-granddaughter of Emperor Bidatsu; wife of Emperor Jomei. First reign. Abdicated as a result of the Isshi incident.[48]
36 Karu
軽 		Emperor Kōtoku
孝徳天皇 		645–654
(9 years)
Taika, Hakuchi 		597–654
(57 years)
Great-grandson of Emperor Bidatsu; younger brother of Empress Kōgyoku. First era name assigned.[49]
37 Takara
宝 		Empress Saimei
斉明天皇 		655–661
(6 years) 		594–661
(67 years)
Older sister of Emperor Kōtoku. Previously reigned as Empress Kōgyoku. Second reign.[50]
38 Kazuraki
葛城 		Emperor Tenji
天智天皇 		662–672
(10 years) 		626–672
(46 years)
Son of Emperor Jomei and Empress Kōgyoku.[51]
39 Ōtomo[iii]
大友 		Emperor Kōbun
弘文天皇 		672
(8 months) 		648–672
(24 years)
Son of Emperor Tenji. Deposed and committed suicide during the Jinshin War. Not recognized as emperor until 1870.[52]
40 Ōama
大海人 		Emperor Tenmu
天武天皇 		673–686
(14 years)
Shuchō 		622–686
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Jomei and Empress Kōgyoku; younger brother of Emperor Tenji. Deposed his nephew, Emperor Kōbun, during the Jinshin War.[53]
41 Unonosarara[iv]
鸕野讚良 		Empress Jitō
持統天皇 		687–697
(10 years)[v] 		646–703
(57 years)
Daughter of Emperor Tenji; niece and wife of Emperor Tenmu. Abdicated.[55]
42 Karu[vi]
珂瑠 		Emperor Monmu
文武天皇 		697–707
(10 years)
Taihō, Keiun 		683–707
(24 years)
Grandson of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō.[56]
43 Ahe[vii]
阿閇 		Empress Genmei
元明天皇 		707–715
(8 years)
Keiun, Wadō 		660–721
(61 years)
Daughter of Emperor Tenji; half-sister of Empress Jitō; mother of Emperor Monmu. Abdicated.[57]
44 Hidaka[viii]
氷高 		Empress Genshō
元正天皇 		715–724
(9 years)
Reiki, Yōrō 		681–748
(67 years)
Daughter of Empress Genmei; elder sister of Emperor Monmu. Only instance of an empress regnant inheriting the throne from another empress regnant. Abdicated.[58]
45 Obito
首 		Emperor Shōmu
聖武天皇 		724–749
(25 years)
Jinki, Tenpyō, Tenpyō-kanpō 		699–756
(57 years)
Son of Emperor Monmu; nephew of Empress Genshō. Abdicated.[59]
46 Abe
阿倍 		Empress Kōken
孝謙天皇 		749–758
(9 years)
Tenpyō-kanpō, Tenpyō-shōhō, Tenpyō-hōji 		718–770
(52 years)
Daughter of Emperor Shōmu. First reign. Abdicated.[60]
47 Ōi
大炊 		Emperor Junnin
淳仁天皇 		758–764
(6 years)
Tenpyō-hōji 		733–765
(32 years)
Grandson of Emperor Tenmu; cousin of Empress Kōken. Deposed. Posthumously named emperor in 1870.[61]
48 Abe
阿倍 		Empress Shōtoku
称徳天皇 		764–770
(6 years)
Tenpyō-hōji, Tenpyō-jingo, Jingo-keiun 		718–770
(52 years)
Deposed her cousin, Emperor Junnin. Previously reigned as Empress Kōken. Second reign.[62]
49 Shirakabe
白壁 		Emperor Kōnin
光仁天皇 		770–781
(11 years)
Hōki, Ten'ō 		708–782
(73 years)
Grandson of Emperor Tenji; brother-in-law of Empress Shōtoku. Abdicated.[63]
50 Yamabe
山部 		Emperor Kanmu
桓武天皇 		781–806
(25 years)
Ten'ō, Enryaku 		736–806
(70 years)
Son of Emperor Kōnin.[64]
51 Ate
安殿 		Emperor Heizei
平城天皇 		806–809
(3 years)
Daidō 		773–824
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Kanmu. Abdicated.[65]
52 Kamino
神野 		Emperor Saga
嵯峨天皇 		809–823
(14 years)
Daidō, Kōnin 		785–842
(57 years)
Son of Emperor Kanmu; younger brother of Emperor Heizei. Abdicated.[66]
53 Ōtomo
大伴 		Emperor Junna
淳和天皇 		823–833
(10 years)
Kōnin, Tenchō 		786–840
(54 years)
Son of Emperor Kanmu; younger brother of Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga. Abdicated.[67]
54 Masara
正良 		Emperor Ninmyō
仁明天皇 		833–850
(17 years)
Tenchō, Jōwa, Kashō 		808–850
(41 years)
Son of Emperor Saga; nephew and adopted son of Emperor Junna.[68]
55 Michiyasu
道康 		Emperor Montoku
文徳天皇 		850–858
(8 years)
Kashō, Ninju, Saikō, Ten'an 		827–858
(31 years)
Son of Emperor Ninmyō.[69]
56 Korehito
惟仁 		Emperor Seiwa
清和天皇 		858–876
(18 years)
Ten'an, Jōgan 		850–881
(30 years)
Son of Empereor Montoku. Abdicated.[70]
57 Sadaakira
貞明 		Emperor Yōzei
陽成天皇 		876–884
(8 years)
Jōgan, Gangyō 		869–949
(80 years)
Son of Emperor Seiwa. Deposed by Fujiwara no Mototsune.[71]
58 Tokiyasu
時康 		Emperor Kōkō
光孝天皇 		884–887
(3 years)
Gangyō, Ninna 		830–887
(57 years)
Son of Emperor Ninmyō; great uncle of Emperor Yōzei. Became emperor at the recommendation of Fujiwara no Mototsune.[72]
59 Sadami
定省 		Emperor Uda
宇多天皇 		887–897
(10 years)
Ninna, Kanpyō 		866–931
(65 years)
Son of Emperor Kōkō. Abdicated.[73]
60 Atsuhito[ix]
敦仁 		Emperor Daigo
醍醐天皇 		897–930
(33 years)
Kanpyō, Shōtai, Engi, Enchō 		884–930
(46 years)
Son of Emperor Uda. Abdicated.[74]
61 Yutaakira[x]
寛明 		Emperor Suzaku
朱雀天皇 		930–946
(16 years)
Enchō, Jōhei, Tengyō 		921–952
(30 years)
Son of Emperor Daigo. Abdicated.[75]
62 Nariakira
成明 		Emperor Murakami
村上天皇 		946–967
(21 years)
Tengyō, Tenryaku, Tentoku, Ōwa, Kōhō 		924–967
(42 years)
Son of Emperor Daigo; younger brother of Emperor Suzaku.[76]
63 Norihara
憲平 		Emperor Reizei
冷泉天皇 		967–969
(2 years)
Kōhō, Anna 		949–1011
(62 years)
Son of Emperor Murakami. Abdicated.[77]
64 Morihira
守平 		Emperor En'yū
円融天皇 		969–984
(15 years)
Anna, Tenroku, Ten'en, Jōgen, Tengen, Eikan 		958–991
(32 years)
Son of Emperor Murakami; younger brother of Emperor Reizei. Abdicated.[78]
65 Morosada
師貞 		Emperor Kazan
花山天皇 		984–986
(2 years)
Eikan, Kanna 		968–1008
(39 years)
Son of Emperor Reizei; nephew of Emperor En'yū. Abdicated.[79]
66 Kanehito
懐仁 		Emperor Ichijō
一条天皇 		986–1011
(25 years)
Kanna, Eien, Eiso, Shōryaku, Chōtoku, Chōhō, Kankō 		980–1011
(31 years)
Son of Emperor Emperor En'yū. Abdicated.[80]
67 Okisada[xi]
居貞 		Emperor Sanjō
三条天皇 		1011–1016
(5 years)
Kankō, Chōwa 		975–1017
(42 years)
Son of Emperor Reizei; half-brother of Emperor Kazan; cousin of Emperor Ichijō. Abdicated.[81]
68 Atsuhira[xii]
敦成 		Emperor Go-Ichijō
後一条天皇 		1016–1036
(20 years)
Chōwa, Kannin, Jian, Manju, Chōgen 		1008–1036
(27 years)
Son of Emperor Ichijō; cousin of Emperor Sanjō.[82]
69 Atsunaga
敦良 		Emperor Go-Suzaku
後朱雀天皇 		1036–1045
(9 years)
Chōgen, Chōryaku, Chōkyū, Kantoku 		1009–1045
(37 years)
Son of Emperor Ichijō; younger brother of Emperor Go-Ichijō. Abdicated.[83]
70 Chikahito
親仁 		Emperor Go-Reizei
後冷泉天皇 		1045–1068
(23 years)
Kantoku, Eishō, Tengi, Kōhei, Jiryaku 		1025–1068
(42 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Suzaku.[84]
71 Takahito
尊仁 		Emperor Go-Sanjō
後三条天皇 		1068–1073
(5 years)
Jiryaku, Enkyū 		1032–1073
(40 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Suzaku; half-brother of Emperor Go-Reizei. Abdicated.[85]
72 Sadahito
貞仁 		Emperor Shirakawa
白河天皇 		1073–1087
(14 years)
Enkyū, Jōhō, Jōryaku, Eihō, Ōtoku 		1053–1129
(76 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Sanjō. Abdicated.[86]
73 Taruhito[xiii]
善仁 		Emperor Horikawa
堀河天皇 		1087–1107
(20 years)
Kanji, Kahō, Eichō, Jōtoku, Kōwa, Chōji, Kajō 		1079–1107
(28 years)
Son of Emperor Shirakawa.[87]
74 Munehito
宗仁 		Emperor Toba
鳥羽天皇 		1107–1123
(16 years)
Kajō, Tennin, Ten'ei, Eikyū, Gen'ei, Hōan 		1103–1156
(53 years)
Son of Emperor Horikawa. Forced to abdicate by Emperor Shirakawa.[88]
75 Akihito
顕仁 		Emperor Sutoku
崇徳天皇 		1123–1142
(19 years)
Hōan, Tenji, Daiji, Tenshō, Chōshō, Hōen, Eiji 		1119–1164
(45 years)
Son of Emperor Toba. Abdicated. Attempted to depose Emperor Go-Shirakawa during the Hōgen rebellion.[89]
76 Narihito
体仁 		Emperor Konoe
近衛天皇 		1142–1155
(13 years)
Eiji, Kōji, Ten'yō, Kyūan, Ninpei, Kyūju 		1139–1155
(16 years)
Son of Emperor Toba; half-brother of Emperor Sutoku.[90]
77 Masahito
雅仁 		Emperor Go-Shirakawa
後白河天皇 		1155–1158
(3 years)
Kyūju, Hōgen 		1127–1192
(64 years)
Son of Emperor Toba; younger brother of Emperor Sutoku; half-brother of Emperor Konoe. Abdicated.[91]
78 Morihito
守仁 		Emperor Nijō
二条天皇 		1158–1165
(7 years)
Hōgen, Heiji, Eiryaku, Ōhō, Chōkan 		1143–1165
(22 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Abdicated.[92]
79 Nobuhito[xiv]
順仁 		Emperor Rokujō
六条天皇 		1165–1168
(3 years)
Chōkan, Eiman, Nin'an 		1164–1176
(11 years)
Son of Emperor Nijō. Deposed by Emperor Go-Shirakawa.[93]
80 Norihito[xv]
憲仁 		Emperor Takakura
高倉天皇 		1168–1180
(12 years)
Nin'an, Kaō, Jōan, Angen, Jishō 		1161–1181
(19 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa; half-brother of Emperor Nijō; uncle of Emperor Rokujō. Forced to abdicate by Taira no Kiyomori.[94]
81 Tokihito[xvi]
言仁 		Emperor Antoku
安徳天皇 		1180–1185
(5 years)
Jishō, Yōwa, Juei, Genryaku 		1178–1185
(6 years)
Son of Emperor Takakura. Died at the Battle of Dan-no-ura during the Genpei War.[95]
82 Takahira[xvii]
尊成 		Emperor Go-Toba
後鳥羽天皇 		1183–1198
(15 years)
Juei, Genryaku, Bunji, Kenkyū 		1180–1239
(58 years)
Son of Emperor Takakura; half-brother of Emperor Antoku. Made emperor by Emperor Go-Shirakawa during the Genpei War. Kamakura shogunate turned the emperor into a figurehead. Abdicated. Attempted to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate during the Jōkyū War.[96]
83 Tamehito
為仁 		Emperor Tsuchimikado
土御門天皇 		1198–1210
(12 years)
Kenkyū, Shōji, Kennin, Genkyū, Ken'ei, Jōgen 		1196–1231
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Toba. Persuaded by Emperor Go-Toba to abdicate. Exiled following the Jōkyū War.[97]
84 Morinari
守成 		Emperor Juntoku
順徳天皇 		1210–1221
(11 years)
Jōgen, Kenryaku, Kempo, Jōkyū 		1197–1242
(44 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Toba; half-brother of Emperor Tsuchimikado. Forced to abdicate following the Jōkyū War.[98]
85 Kanenari
懐成 		Emperor Chūkyō
仲恭天皇 		1221
(2 months)
Jōkyū 		1218–1234
(15 years)
Son of Emperor Juntoku. Deposed and exiled following the Jōkyū War. Posthumously named emperor in 1870.[99]
86 Yutahito[xviii]
茂仁 		Emperor Go-Horikawa
後堀河天皇 		1221–1232
(11 years)
Jōkyū, Jōō, Gennin, Karoku, Antei, Kangi, Jōei 		1212–1234
(22 years)
Grandson of Emperor Takakura; first cousin of Emperor Chūkyō. Abdicated.[100]
87 Mitsuhito[xix]
秀仁 		Emperor Shijō
四条天皇 		1232–1242
(10 years)
Jōei, Tenpuku, Bunryaku, Katei, Ryakunin, En'ō, Ninji 		1231–1242
(10 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Horikawa.[101]
88 Kunihito
邦仁 		Emperor Go-Saga
後嵯峨天皇 		1242–1246
(4 years)
Ninji, Kangen 		1220–1272
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Tsuchimikado; second cousin of Emperor Shijō. Abdicated.[102]
89 Hisahito
久仁 		Emperor Go-Fukakusa
後深草天皇 		1246–1260
(14 years)
Kangen, Hōji, Kenchō, Kōgen, Shōka, Shōgen 		1243–1304
(61 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Saga. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated at the insistence of Emperor Go-Saga.[103]
90 Tsunehito
恒仁 		Emperor Kameyama
亀山天皇 		1260–1274
(14 years)
Shōgen, Bun'ō, Kōchō, Bun'ei 		1249–1305
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Saga; younger brother of Emperor Go-Fukakusa. From the Daikakuji line. Abdicated.[104]
91 Yohito
世仁 		Emperor Go-Uda
後宇多天皇 		1274–1287
(13 years)
Bun'ei, Kenji, Kōan 		1267–1324
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Kameyama. From the Daikakuji line. Forced to abdicate by Emperor Go-Fukakusa.[105]
92 Hirohito
熈仁 		Emperor Fushimi
伏見天皇 		1287–1298
(11 years)
Kōan, Shōō, Einin 		1265–1317
(52 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Fukakusa. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated.[106]
93 Tanehito
胤仁 		Emperor Go-Fushimi
後伏見天皇 		1298–1301
(3 years)
Einin, Shōan 		1288–1336
(48 years)
Son of Emperor Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Forced to abdicate by the Daikakuji line. Traditional dates used.[107]
94 Kuniharu
邦治 		Emperor Go-Nijō
後二条天皇 		1301–1308
(7 years)
Shōan, Kengen, Kagen, Tokuji 		1285–1308
(23 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Uda. From the Daikakuji line.[108]
95 Tomihito
富仁 		Emperor Hanazono
花園天皇 		1308–1318
(10 years)
Enkyō, Ōchō, Shōwa, Bunpō 		1297–1348
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Agreed to alternate control of the throne between the Daikakuji and Jimyōin lines.[109]
96 Takaharu
尊治 		Emperor Go-Daigo
後醍醐天皇 		1318–1339
(21 years)
Bunpō, Gen'ō, Genkō (1321–24), Shōchū, Karyaku, Gentoku, Genkō (1331–34), Kenmu, Engen 		1288–1339
(50 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Uda; younger brother of Emperor Go-Nijō. From the Daikakuji line. Kamakura shogunate ended in the Genkō War. Brief imperial rule during the Kenmu Restoration. Opposed the Ashikaga shogunate. Became the first emperor of the Southern Court.[110]
97 Noriyoshi[xx]
義良 		Emperor Go-Murakami
後村上天皇 		1339–1368
(29 years)
Engen, Kōkoku, Shōhei 		1328–1368
(40 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Daigo. Second emperor of the Southern Court. Southern Court briefly took the Northern Court's capital, Kyoto, during the Kannō disturbance.[111]
98 Yutanari
寛成 		Emperor Chōkei
長慶天皇 		1368–1383
(15 years)
Shōhei, Kentoku, Bunchū, Tenju, Kōwa 		1343–1394
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Murakami. Third emperor of the Southern Court. Abdicated.[112]
99 Hironari
熙成 		Emperor Go-Kameyama
後亀山天皇 		1383–1392
(9 years)
Kōwa, Genchū 		c. 1347–1424
(c. 77 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Murakami; younger brother of Emperor Chōkei. Fourth and last emperor of the Southern Court. Agreed to peace with the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of the Northern Court line.[113]
(1) Kazuhito
量仁 		Emperor Kōgon
光厳天皇 		1331–1333
(2 years)
Gentoku, Shōkyō 		1313–1364
(51 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Fushimi; nephew and adopted son of Emperor Hanazono. From the Jimyōin line. Made the first emperor of the Northern Court by the Kamakura shogunate during the Genkō War. Deposed by Emperor Go-Daigo of the Daikakuji line. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[114]
(2) Yutahito
豊仁 		Emperor Kōmyō
光明天皇 		1336–1348
(12 years)
Kenmu, Ryakuō, Kōei, Jōwa 		1322–1380
(58 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Fushimi; younger brother of Emperor Kōgon. Made second emperor of the Northern Court by the Ashikaga shogunate. Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[115]
(3) Okihito[xxi]
興仁 		Emperor Sukō
崇光天皇 		1348–1351
(3 years)
Jōwa, Kannō 		1334–1398
(64 years)
Son of Emperor Kōgon; nephew of Emperor Kōmyō. Third emperor of the Northern Court. Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[116]
(4) Iyahito
彌仁 		Emperor Go-Kōgon
後光厳天皇 		1352–1371
(19 years)
Bunna, Kōan, Jōji, Ōan 		1338–1374
(36 years)
Son of Emperor Kōgon; younger brother of Emperor Sukō. Became the fourth Emperor of the Northern Court after the Kannō disturbance. Abdicated.[117]
(5) Ohito
緒仁 		Emperor Go-En'yū
後円融天皇 		1371–1382
(11 years)
Ōan, Eiwa, Kōryaku, Eitoku 		1359–1393
(34 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Kōgon. Fifth emperor of the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of Emperor Go-Komatsu.[118]
(6) Motohito
幹仁 		Emperor Go-Komatsu[xxii]
後小松天皇 		1382–1392
(10 years)
Eitoku, Shitoku, Kakei, Kōō, Meitoku 		1377–1433
(56 years)
Son of Emperor Go-En'yū. Sixth and last emperor of the Northern Court from 1382 until 1392. Became the legitimate emperor following Emperor Go-Kameyama's abdication. Agreed to alternate control of the throne by the Northern Court and the Southern Court. All emperors after him are from the Northern line.[119][120]
100 1392–1412
(20 years)
Meitoku, Ōei
101 Mihito[xxiii]
実仁 		Emperor Shōkō
称光天皇 		1412–1428
(16 years)
Ōei, Shōchō 		1401–1428
(27 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Komatsu.[121]
102 Hikohito
彦仁 		Emperor Go-Hanazono
後花園天皇 		1428–1464
(36 years)
Shōchō, Eikyō, Kakitsu, Bun'an, Hōtoku, Kyōtoku, Kōshō, Chōroku, Kanshō 		1419–1471
(51 years)
Great-grandson of Northern Emperor Sukō; third cousin of Emperor Shōkō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[122]
103 Fusahito
成仁 		Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado
後土御門天皇 		1464–1500
(36 years)
Kanshō, Bunshō, Ōnin, Bunmei, Chōkyō, Entoku, Meiō 		1442–1500
(58 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Hanazono. Ōnin War led to the start of the Sengoku period.[123]
104 Katsuhito
勝仁 		Emperor Go-Kashiwabara[xxiv]
後柏原天皇 		1500–1526
(26 years)
Meiō, Bunki, Daiei 		1462–1526
(64 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado. Imperial rule in the Ashikaga shogunate reached its lowest point in his reign.[124]
105 Tomohito
知仁 		Emperor Go-Nara[xxv]
後奈良天皇 		1526–1557
(31 years)
Daiei, Kyōroku, Tenbun, Kōji 		1495–1557
(62 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Kashiwabara.[125]
106 Michihito
方仁 		Emperor Ōgimachi
正親町天皇 		1557–1586
(29 years)
Kōji, Eiroku, Genki, Tenshō 		1517–1593
(76 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Nara. Ashikaga shogunate overthrown by Oda Nobunaga. Abdicated.[126]
107 Katahito[xxvi]
周仁 		Emperor Go-Yōzei
後陽成天皇 		1586–1611
(25 years)
Tenshō, Bunroku, Keichō 		1571–1617
(46 years)
Grandson of Emperor Ōgimachi. Tokugawa shogunate established. Sengoku period ended.[127]
108 Kotohito[xxvii]
政仁 		Emperor Go-Mizunoo[xxviii]
後水尾天皇 		1611–1629
(18 years)
Keichō, Genna, Kan'ei 		1596–1680
(84 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Yōzei. Japan implements isolationist policy. Purple Robe Incident led to his abdication.[128]
109 Okiko
興子 		Empress Meishō
明正天皇 		1629–1643
(14 years)
Kan'ei 		1624–1696
(72 years)
Daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. Abdicated.[129]
110 Tsuguhito
紹仁 		Emperor Go-Kōmyō
後光明天皇 		1643–1654
(11 years)
Kan'ei, Shōhō, Keian, Jōō 		1633–1654
(21 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Mizunoo; younger brother of Empress Meishō.[130]
111 Nagahito[xxix]
良仁 		Emperor Go-Sai[xxx]
後西天皇 		1655–1663
(8 years)
Jōō, Meireki, Manji, Kanbun 		1638–1685
(47 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Mizunoo; younger half-brother of Empress Meishō and Emperor Go-Kōmyō. Abdicated.[131]
112 Satohito
識仁 		Emperor Reigen
霊元天皇 		1663–1687
(24 years)
Kanbun, Enpō, Tenna, Jōkyō 		1654–1732
(78 years)
Son of Emperor Go-Sai. Abdicated.[132]
113 Asahito[xxxi]
朝仁 		Emperor Higashiyama
東山天皇 		1687–1709
(22 years)
Jōkyō, Genroku, Hōei 		1675–1710
(34 years)
Son of Emperor Reigen. Abdicated.[133]
114 Yasuhito[xxxii]
慶仁 		Emperor Nakamikado
中御門天皇 		1709–1735
(26 years)
Hōei, Shōtoku, Kyōhō 		1702–1737
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Higashiyama. Abdicated.[134]
115 Teruhito
昭仁 		Emperor Sakuramachi
桜町天皇 		1735–1747
(12 years)
Kyōhō, Genbun, Kanpō, Enkyō 		1720–1750
(30 years)
Son of Emperor Nakamikado. Abdicated.[135]
116 Tōhito
遐仁 		Emperor Momozono
桃園天皇 		1747–1762
(15 years)
Enkyō, Kan'en, Hōreki 		1741–1762
(20 years)
Son of Emperor Sakuramachi. Abdicated.[136]
117 Toshiko
智子 		Empress Go-Sakuramachi
後桜町天皇 		1762–1771
(9 years)
Hōreki, Meiwa 		1740–1813
(73 years)
Daughter of Emperor Sakuramachi; younger sister of Emperor Momozono.[137]
118 Hidehito
英仁 		Emperor Go-Momozono
後桃園天皇 		1771–1779
(8 years)
Meiwa, An'ei 		1758–1779
(21 years)
Son of Emperor Momozono; nephew of Empress Go-Sakuramachi.[138]
119 Morohito
師仁 		Emperor Kōkaku
光格天皇 		1780–1817
(37 years)
An'ei, Tenmei, Kansei, Kyōwa, Bunka 		1771–1840
(69 years)
Great-grandson of Emperor Higashiyama; cousin and adopted son of Emperor Go-Momozono. Abdicated.[139]
120 Ayahito
恵仁 		Emperor Ninkō
仁孝天皇 		1817–1846
(29 years)
Bunka, Bunsei, Tenpō, Kōka 		1800–1846
(46 years)
Son of Emperor Kōkaku.[140]
121 Osahito
統仁 		Emperor Kōmei
孝明天皇 		1846–1867
(21 years)
Kōka, Kaei, Ansei, Man'en, Bunkyū, Genji, Keiō 		1831–1867
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Ninkō. Reigned during the Bakumatsu period during which Japan ended its isolationist policy and changed from Tokugawa rule to Imperial rule. Last instance of an emperor with multiple era names.[141]
122 Mutsuhito
睦仁 		Emperor Meiji
明治天皇 		3 February 1867
–
30 July 1912
(45 years, 178 days)
Keiō, Meiji 		3 November 1852
–
30 July 1912
(Aged 59)
Son of Emperor Kōmei. Ended the Tokugawa Shogunate with the Meiji Restoration (3 January 1868). First emperor of the Empire of Japan.[142][143]
123 Yoshihito
嘉仁 		Emperor Taishō
大正天皇 		30 July 1912
–
25 December 1926
(14 years, 148 days)
Taishō 		31 August 1879
–
25 December 1926
(Aged 47)
Son of Emperor Meiji. Taishō Democracy shifted political power from the genrō to the Imperial Diet and political parties. His eldest son, Crown Prince Hirohito, served as Sesshō (摂政; "Regent") from 1921 to 1926 because of Taishō's illness.[143][144]
124 Hirohito
裕仁 		Emperor Shōwa
昭和天皇 		25 December 1926
–
7 January 1989
(62 years, 13 days)
Shōwa 		29 April 1901
–
7 January 1989
(Aged 87)
Son of Emperor Taishō. Served as Sesshō from 1921 to 1926. Last emperor of the Empire of Japan. Reign saw World War II and post-war economic miracle. Longest reigning verifiable emperor in Japanese history.[143][145]
125 Akihito
明仁 		Living 7 January 1989
–
30 April 2019
(30 years, 113 days)
Heisei 		born 23 December 1933
(Age 90)
Son of Emperor Shōwa. Abdicated and later referred to as Jōkō (上皇; "Emperor Emeritus"). Longest living verifiable emperor.[146]
126 Naruhito
徳仁 		Living 1 May 2019
–
present
(5 years, 197 days)
Reiwa 		born 23 February 1960
(Age 64)
Son of Akihito. Referred to as Kinjō Tennō (今上天皇; "the Reigning Emperor") or Tennō Heika (天皇陛下; "His Majesty the Emperor").[147][148]

Posthumously recognized individuals

[edit]

This is a list of individuals who did not reign as emperor during their lifetime but were later recognized as Japanese emperors posthumously.

Portrait Personal name Posthumous name Year recognized Life details
Prince Kusakabe
草壁皇子 		Emperor Oka
岡宮天皇 		759 662–689
(27 years)
Son of Emperor Tenmu; husband of Empress Genmei; father of Emperor Monmu and Empress Genshō. Made crown prince in 681; heir to Emperor Tenmu. Died prior to acceding the throne following Emperor Tenmu's death.[149][150]
Prince Toneri
舎人親王 		Emperor Sudōjinkei
崇道尽敬皇帝 		759 676–735
(59 years)
Son of Emperor Tenmu; half-brother of Prince Kusakabe; father of Emperor Junnin.[151][152]
Prince Shiki
志貴皇子 		Emperor Kasuga
春日宮天皇 		770 died 716
Son of Emperor Tenji; half-brother of Emperor Tenmu, Empress Jitō, Empress Genmei and Emperor Kōbun; father of Emperor Kōnin; half-uncle of Prince Kusakabe and Prince Toneri.[153][154]
Prince Sawara
早良親王 		Emperor Sudō
崇道天皇 		800 750–785
(35 years)
Son of Emperor Kōnin; younger brother of Emperor Kanmu. Made crown prince in 781. Implicated in the assassination of Fujiwara no Tanetsugu. Died on the way to exile.[153][155]
Prince Masahito
誠仁親王 		Yōkōin
陽光院 		Before 1611 1552–1586
(34 years)
Son of Emperor Emperor Ōgimachi; father of Emperor Go-Yōzei. Posthumously recognized as emperor by Emperor Go-Yōzei.[153][156]
Sukehito, Prince Kan'in
閑院宮典仁親王 		Emperor Kyōkō
慶光天皇 		1884 1733–1794
(61 years)
Grandson of Emperor Higashiyama; father of Emperor Kōkaku.[157][158]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Early dates vary depending on the author. These are calculated from the reign-lengths given by the Nihon Shoki (Kojiki when lacking information). Jimmu is said to have died in the 76th year of his reign, i.e. he ruled 75 years. He was 127 years old according to East Asian age reckoning, i.e. 126 in Western reckoning.[10] Regnal years are counted using inclusive reckoning until Empress Jitō, the last reign covered by the Nihon Shoki.
  2. ^ Also called as Hikofuto (彦太).
  3. ^ Also known as Iga (伊賀).
  4. ^ Also known as Unonosasara or Uno.
  5. ^ Her dates are usually given as 686–697. However, the Nihon Shoki states that she died on her 11th year, i.e. she ruled 10 years.[54]
  6. ^ Name also written as 軽.
  7. ^ Name also written as 阿部.
  8. ^ Name also written as 日高.
  9. ^ Previously named Minamoto no Korezane (源維城).
  10. ^ Also known as Hiroakira.
  11. ^ Also known as Iyasada or Sukesada.
  12. ^ Also known as Atsunari.
  13. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.
  14. ^ Also known as Yoshihito or Toshihito.
  15. ^ Also known as Nobuhito.
  16. ^ Also known as Kotohito.
  17. ^ Also known as Takanari.
  18. ^ Also known as Motsihito.
  19. ^ Also known as Tosihito.
  20. ^ Also known as Norinaga.
  21. ^ Previously named Masuhito (益仁).
  22. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Kōkō.
  23. ^ Initially written as 躬仁.
  24. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Kanmu.
  25. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Heizei.
  26. ^ Also known as Kazuhito (和仁).
  27. ^ Also known as Masahito.
  28. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Minoo or Emperor Go-Seiwa.
  29. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.
  30. ^ Also known as Emperor Go-Saiin or Emperor Go-Junna.
  31. ^ Also known as Tomohito.
  32. ^ Also known as Yoshihito.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Smits, Gregory J. (1991). Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712). Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 9780889209978.
  2. ^ a b Vogel, Ezra F. (2019). China and Japan: Facing History. Harvard University Press. pp. 15–17. ISBN 9780674240766.
  3. ^ Mason, Richard (2011). "Chapter Two". History of Japan: Revised Edition. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462900978.
  4. ^ Ibaraki, Yoshiyuki (2013). "A Review of the Inscription of the Iron Sword Discovered at Inariyama Old Tomb of the Sakitama Old Tombs' Group". 皇学館論叢. 46 (5). KOGAKKAN RONSO: 1–35.
  5. ^ a b Hoye, Timothy (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897.
  6. ^ Holcombe, Charles (January 2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. – A.D. 907. University of Hawaii Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8248-2465-5.
  7. ^ Nussbaum, "Nengō", p. 704.
  8. ^ Imperial Household Agency.
  9. ^ Nussbaum, "Traditional Order of Tennō", p. 962.
  10. ^ Titsingh, pp. 1–3; Aston, 1, pp.109–137; Brown, p. 249; Varley, pp. 84–88; Nussbaum, p. 420.
  11. ^ Titsingh, pp. 1–3; Aston, 1, pp.109–137; Brown, p. 249; Varley, pp. 84–88; Nussbaum, p. 420.
  12. ^ Titsingh, pp. 3–4; Aston, 1, pp.138–141; Brown, pp. 250–251; Varley, pp. 88–89.
  13. ^ Titsingh, p. 4; Aston, 1, pp.141–142; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89; Nussbaum, p. 32.
  14. ^ Titsingh, p. 4; Aston, 1, pp.142–143; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89; Nussbaum, p. 405.
  15. ^ Titsingh, pp. 4–5; Aston, 1, pp.144–145; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90; Nussbaum, p. 564.
  16. ^ Titsingh, p. 5; Aston, 1, pp.145–146; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90; Nussbaum, p. 536.
  17. ^ Titsingh, pp. 5–6; Aston, 1, pp.146–147; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 90–92; Nussbaum, p. 561.
  18. ^ Titsingh, p. 6; Aston, 1, pp.147–148; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 92–93; Nussbaum, p. 542.
  19. ^ Titsingh, pp. 6–7; Aston, 1, pp.148–149; Brown, p. 252; Varley, p. 93; Nussbaum, p. 451.
  20. ^ Henshall, Kenneth (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  21. ^ Titsingh, pp. 7–9; Aston, 1, pp.150–164; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 93–95; Nussbaum, p. 910.
  22. ^ Titsingh, pp. 9–10; Aston, 1, pp.165–187; Brown, pp. 252–254; Varley, pp. 95–96; Nussbaum, p. 910.
  23. ^ Titsingh, pp. 11–14; Aston, 1, pp.188–214; Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 96–99; Nussbaum, p. 505.
  24. ^ Titsingh, pp. 14–15; Aston, 1, pp.214–216; Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 99–100; Nussbaum, p. 836.
  25. ^ Titsingh, p. 15; Aston, 1, pp.217–223; Brown, pp. 254–255; Varley, pp. 100–101; Nussbaum, p. 125.
  26. ^ Titsingh, pp. 16–19; Aston, 1, pp.224–253; Brown, p. 255; Varley, pp. 101–103.
  27. ^ Titsingh, pp. 19–22; Aston, 1, pp.254–271; Brown, p. 255–256; Varley, pp. 103–110].
  28. ^ Titsingh, pp. 22–24; Aston, 1, pp.272–300; Brown, p. 256–257; Varley, pp. 110–111; Nussbaum, p. 716.
  29. ^ Titsingh, pp. 24–25; Aston, 1, pp.301–310; Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 111.
  30. ^ Titsingh, p. 25; Aston, 1, pp.310–311; Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 112; Nussbaum, p. 288.
  31. ^ Titsingh, p. 26; Aston, 1, pp.312–328; Brown, p. 257–258; Varley, p. 112.
  32. ^ Titsingh, p. 26; Aston, 1, pp.328–332; Brown, p. 258; Varley, p. 113; Nussbaum, p. 32.
  33. ^ Titsingh, pp. 27–28; Aston, 1, pp.333–372; Brown, p. 258; Varley, pp. 113–115; Nussbaum, p. 1068.
  34. ^ Titsingh, pp. 28–29; Aston, 1, pp.373–377; Brown, pp. 258–259; Varley, pp. 115–116; Nussbaum, p. 836.
  35. ^ Titsingh, pp. 29–30; Aston, 1, pp.377–393; Brown, p. 259; Varley, p. 116; Nussbaum, p. 510.
  36. ^ Titsingh, p. 30; Aston, 1, pp.393–398; Brown, pp. 259–260; Varley, p. 117; Nussbaum, p. 716.
  37. ^ Titsingh, p. 31; Aston, 1, pp.399–407; Brown, p. 260; Varley, pp. 117–118; Nussbaum, p. 94.
  38. ^ Shillony, Ben-Ami (2008). The Emperors of Modern Japan. BRILL. p. 15. ISBN 978-90-474-4225-7.
  39. ^ Titsingh, pp. 31–32; Aston, 2, pp. 1–25; Brown, pp. 260–261; Varley, pp. 17–18, 119–120; Nussbaum, p. 506.
  40. ^ Titsingh, p. 33; Aston, 2, pp. 26–32; Brown, p. 261; Varley, pp. 120–121; Nussbaum, p. 31.
  41. ^ Titsingh, pp. 33–34; Aston, 2, pp. 33–35; Brown, p. 261; Varley, p. 121; Nussbaum, p. 842.
  42. ^ Titsingh, pp. 34–36; Aston, 2, pp. 36–89; Brown, pp. 261–262; Varley, pp. 123–124; Nussbaum, p. 519.
  43. ^ Titsingh, pp. 36–37; Aston, 2, pp. 90–105; Brown, pp. 262–263; Varley, pp. 124–125; Nussbaum, p. 77.
  44. ^ Titsingh, pp. 37–38; Aston, 2, pp. 106–111; Brown, p. 263; Varley, pp. 125–126; Nussbaum, p. 1057.
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