List of Vitagraph Studios films

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Black Beauty (1921)
The Ninety and Nine (1922)
The Little Minister (1922)

List of feature films produced by Vitagraph Studios between 1914 and 1925, when it was absorbed into Warner Bros.[1] The company also produced numerous short films during the era.

1910s[edit]

Title Release Date Director Notes
Some Good in All December 25, 1911 Maurice Costello, Robert Gaillard
The Adventure of the Italian Model 1912 Dir. Van Dyke Brooke, Maurice Costello (as Lambert Chase). Original script : Bertram Brooker [2][3]
The Adventure of a Thumb Print 1912 Dir. Van Dyke Brooke, Maurice Costello (as Lambert Chase). Original script : Bertram Brooker [2][3]
The Mystery of the Seven Jewels 1913 Dir. Van Dyke Brooke, Maurice Costello (as Lambert Chase). Original script : Bertram Brooker [2][3]
A Million Bid February 7, 1914 Ralph Ince lost
The Christian March 16, 1914 Frederick A. Thomson lost
Mr. Barnes of New York May 1, 1914 Maurice Costello, Robert Gaillard lost
My Official Wife July 13, 1914 James Young lost
A Florida Enchantment August 10, 1914 Sidney Drew extant
The Painted World August 10, 1914 Ralph Ince lost
The Strange Story of Sylvia Gray October 26, 1914 Charles L. Gaskill lost
The Little Angel of Canyon Creek November 9, 1914 Rollin S. Sturgeon lost
The Sins of the Mothers December 27, 1914 Ralph Ince lost
Mother's Roses January 3, 1915 Theodore Marston lost
Hearts and the Highway January 17, 1915 Wilfrid North lost
The Island of Regeneration January 31, 1915 Harry Davenport lost
The Wheels of Justice February 14, 1915 Theodore Marston lost
The Juggernaut March 7, 1915 Ralph Ince incomplete, 2 reels of 5
The Chalice of Courage May 2, 1915 Rollin S. Sturgeon lost
The Goddess May 9, 1915 Ralph Ince lost
The Battle Cry of Peace August 6, 1915 J. Stuart Blackton, Wilfrid North fragment
Mortmain September 6, 1915 Theodore Marston lost
Playing Dead September 20, 1915 Sidney Drew extant
The Dust of Egypt October 4, 1915 George D. Baker lost
The Man Who Couldn't Beat God October 18, 1915 Maurice Costello, Robert Gaillard lost
The Turn of the Road November 1, 1915 Tefft Johnson lost
Anselo Lee November 6, 1915 Harry Handworth
The Heights of Hazard November 15, 1915 Harry Lambart lost
The Cave Man November 29, 1915 Theodore Marston lost
A Price for Folly December 15, 1915 George D. Baker lost
Who Killed Joe Merrion? December 19, 1915 Tefft Johnson lost
On Her Wedding Night December 20, 1915 George D. Baker lost
The Crown Prince's Double December 26, 1915 Van Dyke Brooke lost
The Making Over of Geoffrey Manning December 27, 1915 Harry Davenport lost
Green Stockings January 2, 1916 Wilfrid North lost
Thou Art the Man January 3, 1916 S. Rankin Drew lost
My Lady's Slipper January 10, 1916 Ralph Ince lost
The Island of Surprise January 16, 1916 Paul Scardon lost
Britton of the Seventh January 24, 1916 Lionel Belmore lost
The Surprises of an Empty Hotel February 7, 1916 Theodore Marston lost
The Writing on the Wall February 14, 1916 Tefft Johnson lost
Kennedy Square February 21, 1916 S. Rankin Drew lost
For a Woman's Fair Name February 28, 1916 Harry Davenport extant
The Hunted Woman March 6, 1916 S. Rankin Drew lost
Mrs. Dane's Danger March 6, 1916 Wilfrid North lost
The Hero of Submarine D-2 March 13, 1916 Paul Scardon lost
The Two Edged Sword March 20, 1916 George D. Baker lost
The Supreme Temptation March 27, 1916 Harry Davenport lost
The Vital Question April 3, 1916 S. Rankin Drew lost
Salvation Joan April 9, 1916 Wilfrid North lost
Artie, the Millionaire Kid April 17, 1916 Harry Handworth lost
God's Country and the Woman April 24, 1916 Rollin S. Sturgeon lost
The Law Decides May 1, 1916 William P.S. Earle lost
The Ordeal of Elizabeth May 15, 1916 Wilfrid North lost
The Suspect May 22, 1916 S. Rankin Drew lost
Lights of New York May 29, 1916 Van Dyke Brooke lost
The Destroyers June 5, 1916 Ralph Ince lost
The Redemption of Dave Darcey June 12, 1916 Paul Scardon lost
The Shop Girl June 19, 1916 George D. Baker lost
The Man Behind the Curtain June 19, 1916 Cortland Van Deusen lost
The Conflict July 3, 1916 Ralph Ince lost
Fathers of Men July 10, 1916 William J. Humphrey lost
The Tarantula July 17, 1916 George D. Baker lost
The Daring of Diana July 24, 1916 S. Rankin Drew lost
Hesper of the Mountains July 31, 1916 Wilfrid North lost
The Alibi August 7, 1916 Paul Scardon lost
The Dawn of Freedom August 14, 1916 Theodore Marston, Paul Scardon lost
The Footlights of Fate August 21, 1916 William J. Humphrey lost
The Kid August 28, 1916 Wilfrid North lost
His Wife's Good Name September 4, 1916 Ralph Ince lost
Phantom Fortunes September 11, 1916 Paul Scardon lost
The Combat September 18, 1916 Ralph Ince lost
The Chattel September 24, 1916 Frederick A. Thomson lost
Through the Wall October 2, 1916 Rollin S. Sturgeon lost
The Firm of Girdlestone October 9, 1916 Harold M. Shaw Made in Britain
A Prince in a Pawnshop October 16, 1916 Paul Scardon lost
The Blue Envelope Mystery October 23, 1916 Wilfrid North lost
The Last Man October 30, 1916 William Wolbert lost
The Devil's Prize November 6, 1916 Marguerite Bertsch lost
The Price of Fame November 13, 1916 Charles Brabin lost
The Dollar and the Law November 20, 1916 Wilfrid North lost
An Enemy to the King November 26, 1916 Frederick A. Thomson lost
Rose of the South December 4, 1916 Paul Scardon lost
The Enemy December 11, 1916 Paul Scardon lost
Whom the Gods Destroy December 18, 1916 J. Stuart Blackton, Herbert Brenon lost
The Ninety and Nine December 25, 1916 Ralph Ince lost
The Girl Philippa December 31, 1916 S. Rankin Drew lost
The Man of Mystery January 8, 1917 Frederick A. Thomson lost
Indiscretion January 15, 1917 Wilfrid North lost
The Glory of Yolanda January 20, 1917 Marguerite Bertsch lost
Her Right to Live January 22, 1917 Paul Scardon lost
The Courage of Silence January 28, 1917 William P.S. Earle lost
Money Magic February 5, 1917 William Wolbert lost
Kitty MacKay February 19, 1917 Wilfrid North lost
Intrigue February 26, 1917 John S. Robertson lost
The Money Mill March 5, 1917 John S. Robertson lost
Arsene Lupin March 12, 1917 Paul Scardon lost
Aladdin from Broadway March 19, 1917 William Wolbert lost
The More Excellent Way March 26, 1917 Perry N. Vekroff lost
Womanhood, the Glory of the Nation April 1, 1917 J. Stuart Blackton, William P.S. Earle lost
Babette April 2, 1917 Charles Brabin lost
Apartment 29 April 9, 1917 Paul Scardon lost
Sally in a Hurry April 16, 1917 Wilfrid North lost
The Hawk April 23, 1917 Paul Scardon lost
Within the Law April 29, 1917 William P.S. Earle lost
Her Secret April 30, 1917 Perry N. Vekroff lost
Captain of the Gray Horse Troop May 7, 1917 William Wolbert lost
The Sixteenth Wife May 14, 1917 Charles Brabin extant
Clover's Rebellion May 21, 1917 Wilfrid North lost
The Soul Master May 28, 1917 Marguerite Bertsch lost
The Magnificent Meddler June 4, 1917 William Wolbert lost
The Question June 11, 1917 Perry N. Vekroff lost
The Maelstrom June 18, 1917 Paul Scardon extant
A Son of the Hills June 25, 1917 Harry Davenport lost
The Message of the Mouse July 2, 1917 J. Stuart Blackton lost
The Stolen Treaty July 16, 1917 Paul Scardon lost
Richard the Brazen July 23, 1917 Perry N. Vekroff lost
By Right of Possession July 30, 1917 William Wolbert lost
Mary Jane's Pa August 13, 1917 Charles Brabin, William P.S. Earle lost
Transgression August 20, 1917 Paul Scardon lost
Soldiers of Chance September 3, 1917 Paul Scardon lost
An Alabaster Box September 10, 1917 Chester Withey lost
For France September 17, 1917 Wesley Ruggles lost
Sunlight's Last Raid September 24, 1917 William Wolbert lost
The Princess of Park Row October 1, 1917 Ashley Miller lost
The Love Doctor October 8, 1917 Paul Scardon lost
Dead Shot Baker October 15, 1917 William Duncan lost
The Bottom of the Well October 22, 1917 John S. Robertson lost
The Flaming Omen October 29, 1917 William Wolbert lost
The Fettered Woman November 5, 1917 Tom Terriss lost
The Renaissance at Charleroi November 10, 1917 Thomas R. Mills lost
I Will Repay November 12, 1917 William P.S. Earle lost
The Grell Mystery November 19, 1917 Paul Scardon lost
The Skylight Room November 24, 1917 Martin Justice lost
Who Goes There? November 26, 1917 William P.S. Earle lost
The Tenderfoot December 3, 1917 William Duncan lost
The Marriage Speculation December 10, 1917 Ashley Miller lost
In the Balance December 17, 1917 Paul Scardon lost
When Men Are Tempted December 24, 1917 William Wolbert lost
His Own People December 31, 1917 William P.S. Earle lost
The Blind Adventure January 7, 1918 Wesley Ruggles lost
The Wild Strain January 14, 1918 William Wolbert lost
The Menace January 21, 1918 John S. Robertson lost
A Mother's Sin January 28, 1918 Thomas R. Mills lost
The Other Man February 4, 1918 Paul Scardon lost
The Woman Between Friends February 11, 1918 Tom Terriss lost
The Wooing of Princess Pat February 18, 1918 William P.S. Earle lost
Cavanaugh of the Forest Rangers February 25, 1918 William Wolbert lost
The Song of the Soul (1918 film) March 4, 1918 Tom Terriss lost
The Desired Woman March 11, 1918 Paul Scardon lost
An American Live Wire March 18, 1918 Thomas R. Mills lost
The Home Trail March 25, 1918 William Wolbert lost
Over the Top March 31, 1918 Wilfrid North lost
A Bachelor's Children April 2, 1918 Paul Scardon lost
Little Miss No-Account April 13, 1918 William P.S. Earle lost
The Girl from Beyond April 15, 1918 William Wolbert lost
The Business of Life April 18, 1918 Tom Terriss lost
The Seal of Silence April 29, 1918 Thomas R. Mills lost
The Little Runaway May 6, 1918 William P.S. Earle lost
The Triumph of the Weak May 13, 1918 Tom Terriss lost
The Golden Goal May 29, 1918 Paul Scardon lost
A Game with Fate June 3, 1918 Paul Scardon lost
Find the Woman June 10, 1918 Tom Terriss lost
The Soap Girl June 17, 1918 Martin Justice lost
The Girl in His House June 24, 1918 Thomas R. Mills lost
Tangled Lives July 1, 1918 Paul Scardon lost
One Thousand Dollars July 8, 1918 Kenneth S. Webb lost
To the Highest Bidder July 13, 1918 Tom Terriss lost
Love Watches July 15, 1918 Henry Houry lost
A Gentleman's Agreement July 28, 1918 David Smith lost
All Man August 5, 1918 Paul Scardon lost
Wild Primrose August 12, 1918 Frederick A. Thomson lost
The Changing Woman August 19, 1918 David Smith lost
The Clutch of Circumstance August 26, 1918 Henry Houry lost
The Green God September 2, 1918 Paul Scardon lost
A Nymph of the Foothills September 9, 1918 Frederick A. Thomson lost
By the World Forgot September 16, 1918 David Smith lost
Everybody's Girl September 21, 1918 Tom Terriss lost
The Girl of Today September 23, 1918 John S. Robertson lost
A Diplomatic Mission September 30, 1918 Jack Conway lost
The Mating October 7, 1918 Frederick A. Thomson lost
The King of Diamonds October 14, 1918 Paul Scardon lost
The Dawn of Understanding November 23, 1918 David Smith lost
Miss Ambition November 25, 1918 Henry Houry lost
The Man Who Wouldn't Tell December 9, 1918 James Young lost
The Beloved Impostor December 16, 1918 Joseph Gleason lost
Hoarded Assets December 23, 1918 Paul Scardon lost
The Common Cause January 5, 1919 J. Stuart Blackton lost
The Adventure Shop January 6, 1919 Kenneth S. Webb lost
The Captain's Captain January 6, 1919 Tom Terriss lost
The Enchanted Barn January 27, 1919 David Smith lost
The Highest Trump February 3, 1919 James Young lost
Fortune's Child February 10, 1919 Joseph Gleason lost
The Lion and the Mouse February 16, 1919 Tom Terriss lost
Silent Strength February 17, 1919 Paul Scardon lost
The Girl Problem March 3, 1919 Kenneth S. Webb lost
The Wishing Ring Man March 10, 1919 David Smith lost
A Gentleman of Quality March 17, 1919 James Young lost
Miss Dulcie from Dixie March 24, 1919 Joseph Gleason lost
Fighting Destiny March 31, 1919 Paul Scardon lost
The Cambric Mask April 7, 1919 Tom Terriss lost
The Unknown Quantity April 14, 1919 Thomas R. Mills lost
A Yankee Princess April 21, 1919 David Smith lost
The Usurper April 28, 1919 James Young lost
Two Women April 28, 1919 Ralph Ince lost
A Stitch in Time May 5, 1919 Ralph Ince lost
Beating the Odds May 12, 1919 Paul Scardon lost
The Third Degree May 19, 1919 Tom Terriss lost
Thin Ice May 26, 1919 Thomas R. Mills extant
The Little Boss June 2, 1919 David Smith lost
A Rogue's Romance June 9, 1919 James Young lost
Too Many Crooks June 16, 1919 Ralph Ince lost
The Painted World June 16, 1919 Ralph Ince lost
Beauty-Proof June 23, 1919 Paul Scardon extant
A Girl at Bay June 28, 1919 Thomas R. Mills lost
The Spark Divine June 30, 1919 Tom Terriss lost
Cupid Forecloses July 12, 1919 David Smith extant
Hornet's Nest July 12, 1919 James Young lost
The Man Who Won July 14, 1919 Paul Scardon lost
Shadows of the Past July 26, 1919 Ralph Ince lost
The Bramble Bush August 15, 1919 Tom Terriss lost
The Wolf August 15, 1919 James Young lost
The Girl-Woman August 25, 1919 Thomas R. Mills lost
Daring Hearts August 28, 1919 Henry Houry lost
In Honor's Web September 6, 1919 Paul Scardon lost
The Gamblers September 11, 1919 Paul Scardon lost
Over the Garden Wall September 21, 1919 David Smith lost
The Black Gate October 3, 1919 Theodore Marston lost
The Gray Towers Mystery October 25, 1919 John W. Noble lost
The Climbers November 8, 1919 Tom Terriss extant
The Mind-the-Paint Girl November 10, 1919 Wilfrid North lost
The Vengeance of Durand November 15, 1919 Tom Terriss lost
The Winchester Woman November 16, 1919 Wesley Ruggles lost
A Fighting Colleen November 22, 1919 David Smith lost
The Golden Shower November 30, 1919 John W. Noble lost
The Darkest Hour December 1, 1919 Paul Scardon lost
When a Man Loves December 5, 1919 Chester Bennett

1920s[edit]

Title Release Date Director Notes
The Church With An Overshot Wheel 1920 Joseph Byron Totten, based on a story by O Henry extant [4][5][6]
Slaves of Pride January 19, 1920 George Terwilliger extant
Pegeen January 1920 David Smith lost
Human Collateral January 1920 Lawrence C. Windom lost
The Invisible Hand January 1920 William Bowman lost
The Birth of a Soul January 1920 Edwin L. Hollywood lost
Deadline at Eleven February 11, 1920 George Fawcett lost
The Sporting Duchess February 29, 1920 George Terwilliger lost
The Fortune Hunter February 1920 Tom Terriss lost
The Flaming Clue March 22, 1920 Edwin L. Hollywood lost
Captain Swift April 1920 Tom Terriss, Chester Bennett lost
The Courage of Marge O'Doone May 30, 1920 David Smith lost
Dollars and the Woman May 31, 1920 George Terwilliger lost
The Garter Girl May 1920 Edward H. Griffith lost
A Master Stroke June 1920 Chester Bennett lost
The Midnight Bride June 1920 William J. Humphrey lost
The Sea Rider June 1920 Edwin L. Hollywood lost
Babs July 5, 1920 Edward H. Griffith lost
The Gauntlet July 23, 1920 Edwin L. Hollywood lost
The Whisper Market September 13, 1920 George L. Sargent lost
Hidden Dangers September 1920 William Bertram lost
Trumpet Island September 1920 Tom Terriss extant
The Prey September 1920 George L. Sargent lost
The Purple Cipher October 11, 1920 Chester Bennett lost
The Broadway Bubble October 1920 George L. Sargent lost
Dead Men Tell No Tales November 1920 Tom Terriss lost
The Vice of Fools November 1920 Edward H. Griffith lost
The Tower of Jewels December 1920 Tom Terriss lost
The Romance Promoters December 1920 Chester Bennett lost
Three Sevens January 10, 1921 Chester Bennett incomplete
Black Beauty January 1921 David Smith incomplete, reels 3,4 & 7 from Killiam
Cousin Kate January 1921 Lucille McVey lost
Diamonds Adrift January 1921 Chester Bennett fragment
It Isn't Being Done This Season January 1921 George L. Sargent lost
Princess Jones January 1921 Gustav von Seyffertitz lost
The Charming Deceiver March 1921 George L. Sargent lost
Her Lord and Master March 1921 Edward José lost
What's Your Reputation Worth? March 1921 Webster Campbell lost
It Can Be Done March 1921 David Smith lost
The Heart of Maryland May 1921 Tom Terriss lost
The Scarab Ring June 1921 Edward José lost
The Silver Car June 1921 David Smith lost
Closed Doors July 1921 Gustav von Seyffertitz lost
Peggy Puts It Over August 1921 Gustav von Seyffertitz lost
Where Men Are Men September 1, 1921 William Duncan lost
The Inner Chamber September 11, 1921 Edward José lost
Moral Fibre September 18, 1921 Webster Campbell lost
Breaking Through September 25, 1921 Robert Ensminger lost
The Secret of the Hills September 25, 1921 Chester Bennett lost
The Matrimonial Web October 2, 1921 Edward José lost
Bring Him In October 16, 1921 Robert Ensminger extant
The Son of Wallingford October 30, 1921 George Randolph Chester, Lillian Josephine Chester lost
Steelheart November 6, 1921 William Duncan lost
The Single Track November 13, 1921 Webster Campbell lost
Rainbow November 20, 1921 Edward José lost
A Guilty Conscience November 27, 1921 David Smith lost
The Flower of the North December 4, 1921 David Smith extant
Lucky Carson December 18, 1921 Wilfrid North lost
No Defense December 25, 1921 William Duncan lost
Received Payment January 8, 1922 Charles Maigne lost
The Little Minister January 22, 1922 David Smith lost
The Prodigal Judge February 19, 1922 Edward José lost
Island Wives March 12, 1922 Webster Campbell lost
The Man from Downing Street April 2, 1922 Edward José lost
Too Much Business April 9, 1922 Jess Robbins lost
The Silent Vow April 16, 1922 William Duncan lost
The Angel of Crooked Street April 23, 1922 David Smith lost
A Virgin's Sacrifice May 21, 1922 Webster Campbell extant
Restless Souls May 28, 1922 Robert Ensminger lost
The Girl in His Room June 4, 1922 Edward José lost
Divorce Coupons July 2, 1922 Webster Campbell lost
The Purple Riders July 3, 1922 William Bertram lost
The Ladder Jinx August 20, 1922 Jess Robbins lost
My Wild Irish Rose August 30, 1922 David Smith lost
The Light in the Dark September 3, 1922 Clarence Brown incomplete
A Girl's Desire September 19, 1922 David Smith lost
When Danger Smiles October 3, 1922 William Duncan incomplete
The Fighting Guide October 15, 1922 William Duncan lost
Fortune's Mask October 22, 1922 Robert Ensminger lost
Little Wildcat November 12, 1922 David Smith lost
You Never Know December 10, 1922 Robert Ensminger lost
The Ninety and Nine December 17, 1922 David Smith extant
A Front Page Story December 25, 1922 Jess Robbins lost
One Stolen Night January 29, 1923 Robert Ensminger incomplete
Playing It Wild April 19, 1923 William Duncan lost
Masters of Men May 14, 1923 David Smith extant
The Man Next Door May 28, 1923 Victor Schertzinger incomplete
Loyal Lives July 26, 1923 Charles Giblyn incomplete
The Midnight Alarm August 19, 1923 David Smith extant
On the Banks of the Wabash October 22, 1923 J. Stuart Blackton incomplete
The Leavenworth Case November 4, 1923 Charles Giblyn lost
Pioneer Trails November 11, 1923 David Smith extant
The Man from Brodney's December 16, 1923 David Smith incomplete
The Love Bandit January 6, 1924 Dell Henderson incomplete
Let Not Man Put Asunder January 10, 1924 J. Stuart Blackton lost
My Man February 10, 1924 David Smith lost
Virtuous Liars March 30, 1924 Whitman Bennett extant
Borrowed Husbands April 13, 1924 David Smith lost
Between Friends May 11, 1924 J. Stuart Blackton lost
One Law for the Woman May 25, 1924 Dell Henderson incomplete
Code of the Wilderness June 30, 1924 David Smith extant
Behold This Woman August 3, 1924 J. Stuart Blackton incomplete
Captain Blood September 8, 1924 David Smith extant
The Clean Heart September 15, 1924 J. Stuart Blackton incomplete
The Beloved Brute November 9, 1924 J. Stuart Blackton incomplete
Greater Than Marriage November 16, 1924 Victor Halperin incomplete
Two Shall Be Born December 7, 1924 Whitman Bennett lost
Fear-Bound January 18, 1925 William Nigh lost
The Redeeming Sin January 25, 1925 J. Stuart Blackton lost
Pampered Youth February 1, 1925 David Smith incomplete
The Empty Saddle March 28, 1925 Harry S. Webb extant
School for Wives April 5, 1925 Victor Halperin lost
Baree, Son of Kazan April 19, 1925 David Smith lost
Tides of Passion April 19, 1925 J. Stuart Blackton incomplete
Wildfire June 7, 1925 T. Hayes Hunter extant
Steele of the Royal Mounted June 15, 1925 David Smith incomplete
The Happy Warrior July 5, 1925 J. Stuart Blackton incomplete
West of Arizona July 11, 1925 Tom Gibson lost
Ranger of the Big Pines July 26, 1925 W.S. Van Dyke incomplete
The Love Hour August 30, 1925 Herman C. Raymaker lost
The Unknown Lover October 30, 1925 Victor Halperin lost
Her Second Chance March 28, 1926 Lambert Hillyer lost, Released following Warner Bros. takeover

References[edit]

  1. ^ Slide p.223
  2. ^ a b c Encyclopedia of Early Cinema, ed. Richard Abel (London: Routledge, 2005), 679; and Adam Lauder, “It’s Alive!: Bertram Brooker and Vitalism,” in The Logic of Nature, the Romance of Space: Elements of Canadian Modernist Painting, ed. Cassandra Getty (Windsor, ON; Oshawa, ON: Art Gallery of Windsor; The Robert McLaughlin Gallery, 2010), 104n93.
  3. ^ a b c James King, Bertram Brooker. Life and work. Art Canada Institut – Institut de l’Art Canadien, 2018, p. 5.
  4. ^ Radujko, Gabriella (2022). "O. Henry Silent Film Restoration Now Available From Green Planet Films". Retrieved 2022-12-06..
  5. ^ "The Church With An Overshot Wheel". Mystic Film Festival. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
  6. ^ Suzanne Harley (Director) (2023-02-27). THE CHURCH WITH AN OVERSHOT WHEEL - Silent film discovery. greenplanetfilms. Retrieved 2024-02-25.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Dewey, Donald. Buccaneer: James Stuart Blackton and the Birth of American Movies. Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.
  • Munden, Kenneth White. The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1. University of California Press, 1997.
  • Slide, Anthony. The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry. Routledge, 2014.
  • Encyclopedia of Early Cinema, ed. Richard Abel (London: Routledge, 2005), 679; and Adam Lauder, “It’s Alive!: Bertram Brooker and Vitalism,” in The Logic of Nature, the Romance of Space: Elements of Canadian Modernist Painting, ed. Cassandra Getty (Windsor, ON; Oshawa, ON: Art Gallery of Windsor; The Robert McLaughlin Gallery, 2010), 104n93.
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