List of conflicts in the southern Levant

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This is a list of conflicts in the southern Levant arranged chronologically from ancient to modern times. This region has also been referred to historically as the Land of Canaan, the Land of Israel, the Holy Land, the Promised Land, and Palestine. This region has been ruled over by many nations, including the Canaanites, Israelites, Judeans, Romans, Rashidun Caliphates, Crusaders, Ottoman Empire, British Empire, and today, Israel and Palestine. In addition to wars and battles, there may also be periods of violent, civil unrest included in this list, such as: massacres, riots, rebellions, and revolutions.

1050 BCE–551 BCE

[edit]
Started Ended Name of conflict Belligerents
Victorious party (if applicable) Defeated party (if applicable)
c. 1025 c. 1025 Battle of Michmas Kingdom of Israel Philistia
c. 1010 BCE c. 1010 BCE Siege of Jebus Kingdom of Israel Jebus
c. 900 c. 900 Battle of Zephath Kingdom of Judah Kingdom of Egypt

Kushite contingents

874 BCE 874 BCE Israelite–Aramean War Kingdom of Israel Kingdom of Aram-Damascus

Amorites of Bashan

736 BCE 732 BCE Syro-Ephraimite War Kingdom of Judah

Assyria

Kingdom of Israel

Aram

701 BCE 701 BCE Sennacherib's campaign in Judah Kingdom of Judah Neo-Assyrian Empire
701 BCE 701 BCE Siege of Azekah Neo-Assyrian Empire Kingdom of Judah
701 BCE 701 BCE Siege of Lachish Neo-Assyrian Empire Kingdom of Judah
701 BCE 701 BCE Assyrian siege of Jerusalem Kingdom of Judah Neo-Assyrian Empire
c. 655 BCE c. 655 BCE Fall of Ashdod

Part of the Wars of Neo-Assyria

Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt Neo-Assyrian Empire
609 BCE 609 BCE Battle of Megiddo (609 BC) Twenty-sixth Egyptian dynasty Kingdom of Judah
601 BCE 586 BCE Judah's revolts against Babylon Neo-Babylonian Empire

Supported by:

Kingdom of Judah

Supported by:

597 BCE 597 BCE Siege of Jerusalem (597 BCE) Neo-Babylonian Empire Kingdom of Judah
587 BCE 587 BCE Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) Neo-Babylonian Empire Kingdom of Judah

550 BCE–1 BCE

[edit]
Started Ended Name of conflict Belligerents
Victorious party (if applicable) Defeated party (if applicable)
336 BCE 323 BCE Wars of Alexander the Great Macedonian Empire Achaemenid Empire
332 BCE 332 BCE Siege of Gaza

Part of the Wars of Alexander the Great

Macedon Achaemenid Empire
322 BCE 281 BCE Wars of the Diadochi First War (321–319 BC):

Second War (318–316 BC):

Third War (315-311BC):

Fourth War (307–301 BC):

First War (321–319 BC):

Second War (318–316 BC):

Third War (315-311 BC):

Fourth War (307–301 BC):

312 BCE 312 BCE Battle of Gaza (312 BCE) Ptolemies

Seleucids

Antigonids
167 BCE 141 BCE Maccabean Revolt Maccabees Seleucid Empire
167 BCE 167 BCE Battle of the Ascent of Lebonah

Part of the Maccabean Revolt

Judean rebels Seleucid Empire
166 BCE 166 BCE Battle of Beth Horon (166 BCE)

Part of the Maccabean Revolt

Judean rebels Seleucid Empire
165 BCE 165 BCE Battle of Emmaus

Part of the Maccabean Revolt

Maccabees Seleucid Empire
164 BCE 164 BCE Battle of Beth Zur

Part of the Maccabean Revolt

Maccabees Seleucid Empire
163 BCE 163 BCE Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC

Part of the Maccabean Revolt

Maccabees Seleucid Empire
163 BCE 163 BCE Battle of Dathema

Part of the Maccabean Revolt

Maccabees Seleucid Empire
162 BCE 162 BCE Battle of Beth Zechariah

Part of the Maccabean Revolt

Maccabees Seleucid Empire
161 BCE 161 BCE Battle of Adasa

Part of the Maccabean Revolt

Maccabees Seleucid Empire
160 BCE 160 BCE Battle of Elasa

Part of the Maccabean Revolt

Seleucid Empire Maccabees
107 BCE 88 BCE Civil War of Ptolemy Lathyros Egypt (Ptolemy IX Soter)

Cyprus Phoenicia

Egypt (Cleopatra III)

Judea (103–93) Nabatea (103–93)

93 BCE 93 BCE Battle of Gadara Nabataean Kingdom Hasmonean dynasty
93 BCE 87 BCE Judean Civil War

Part of the Pharisee-Sadducee conflict

Sadducees Pharisees

Seleucid Empire (89-88 BCE)

67 BCE 63 BCE Hasmonean Civil War

Part of the Pharisee-Sadducee conflict Part of the Third Mithridatic War

Hyrcanus II
Roman Republic Roman Republic
Aristobulus II
Roman Republic Roman Republic
63 BCE 63 BCE Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)

Part of the Hasmonean Civil War

Roman Republic Hasmonean dynasty
37 BCE 37 BCE Siege of Jerusalem (37 BCE) Herodian dynasty

Roman Republic

Hasmonean dynasty

1–999

[edit]
Started Ended Name of conflict Belligerents
Victorious party (if applicable) Defeated party (if applicable)
66 66 Jerusalem riots of 66

First Jewish–Roman War Part of Jewish–Roman wars

Roman Empire Roman Empire Jews of Judaea
66 74 First Jewish–Roman War

Part of Jewish–Roman wars

Roman Empire Roman Empire Judaea

Peasantry faction

Edomites (69–70)

Supported by:


Radical factions:
70 70 Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)

Part of the First Jewish–Roman War Part of Jewish–Roman wars

Roman Empire Roman Empire Remnants of the Judean provisional government

Peasantry faction

Edomites


Zealots
115 117 Kitos War

Part of Trajan's Parthian Campaign Part of Jewish–Roman wars

Roman Empire Roman Empire Jews of Judaea, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Aegyptus, and Mesopotamia
132 136 Bar Kokhba revolt

Part of Jewish–Roman wars

Roman Empire Roman Empire Jews of Judaea under Simon Bar Kokhba
351 352 Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire Jews of Syria Palaestina
484 573 Samaritan revolts Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire
  • Dux Palaestinae troops
  • Arcadiani

Ghassanid Arabs

Samaritan rebels

Jewish rebels (556, 572 and 573/578 revolts)

602 628 Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 Byzantine Empire

Western Turkic Khaganate Ghassanids

Sasanian Empire

Avars (and Slavic allies) Sasanian Iberia Jewish and Samaritan rebels (c. 614) Lakhmids

614 614 Siege of Caesarea Maritima (614)

Part of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire Sasanian Empire Sasanian Empire
614 617/625 Jewish revolt against Heraclius

Part of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire Sasanian Empire Sasanian Empire
614 614 Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem

Part of the Jewish revolt against Heraclius Part of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire Sasanian Empire Sasanian Empire
634 638 Muslim conquest of the Levant

Part of the Arab–Byzantine wars

Rashidun Caliphate Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire

Ghassanids Tanukhids

1000–1499

[edit]
Started Ended Name of conflict Belligerents
Victorious party (if applicable) Defeated party (if applicable)
1096 1099 First Crusade

Part of the Crusades

Crusaders

Kingdom of France

 Holy Roman Empire

County of Sicily

County of Apulia and Calabria

Eastern Christian Allies

Byzantine Empire

 Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

Muslim forces

Fatimid Caliphate

Seljuk Empire

1099 1099 Siege of Jerusalem (1099) Crusaders Fatimid Caliphate
1101 1101 Battle of Ramla (1101)

Part of the Crusades

 Kingdom of Jerusalem Fatimid Caliphate
1102 1102 Battle of Ramla (1102)

Part of the Crusades

Fatimids of Egypt  Kingdom of Jerusalem
1104 1104 Siege of Acre (1104)  Kingdom of Jerusalem

Republic of Genoa Republic of Genoa

Fatimid Caliphate
1122 1124 Venetian Crusade

Part of the Crusades

 Republic of Venice

 Kingdom of Jerusalem  County of Tripoli

Fatimid Caliphate

Seljuqs

1145 1149 Second Crusade

Part of the Crusades

Sultanate of Rûm

Almoravid Dynasty Zengid Dynasty

Abbasid Caliphate

Fatimid Caliphate

 Kingdom of Jerusalem

 Kingdom of France

 Holy Roman Empire

 Kingdom of Portugal

 Kingdom of Castile

County of Barcelona

 Kingdom of León

Byzantine Empire

 Kingdom of Sicily

 Kingdom of England

1177 1177 Battle of Montgisard

Part of the Crusades

 Kingdom of Jerusalem Ayyubid Dynasty
1179 1179 Battle of Marj Ayyun

Part of the Crusades

Ayyubid Dynasty  Kingdom of Jerusalem

 Knights Templar

1179 1179 Battle of Jacob's Ford

Part of the Crusades

Ayyubid Dynasty  Kingdom of Jerusalem
1182 1182 Battle of Belvoir Castle

Part of the Crusades

 Kingdom of Jerusalem Ayyubid Dynasty
1183 1183 Battle of Al-Fule

Part of the Crusades

 Kingdom of Jerusalem Ayyubid Dynasty
1187 1187 Battle of Cresson

Part of the Crusades

Ayyubid Dynasty  Kingdom of Jerusalem
1187 1187 Battle of Hattin

Part of the Crusades

Ayyubid Dynasty  Kingdom of Jerusalem

 County of Tripoli

 Principality of Antioch

1187 1187 1187 Siege of Jerusalem Ayyubid Dynasty  Kingdom of Jerusalem
1189 1192 Third Crusade

Part of the Crusades

 Kingdom of Jerusalem

 Kingdom of England

 Kingdom of France

 Holy Roman Empire

 Knights Templar

 Kingdom of Sicily

Ayyubid Dynasty

Zengid Dynasty

Byzantine Empire

1197 1198 Crusade of 1197

Part of the Crusades

 Holy Roman Empire Ayyubid Dynasty
1202 1204 Fourth Crusade

Part of the Crusades

 Holy Roman Empire

 Republic of Venice Monferrat

Byzantine Empire
1228 1229 Sixth Crusade

Part of the Crusades

 Holy Roman Empire

Teutonic Knights

 Kingdom of Cyprus

House of Ibelin Ayyubid Dynasty

1228 1243 War of the Lombards Kingdom of Cyprus

Anti-Imperial faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem Republic of Genoa

Knights Templar Papacy

Holy Roman Empire

Pro-Imperial faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem Principality of Antioch and County of Tripoli

Republic of Pisa Knights Hospitaller

Teutonic Knights

1244 1244 Siege of Jerusalem (1244) Ayyubid Dynasty

Khwarazmians

 Kingdom of Jerusalem
1248 1254 Seventh Crusade

Part of the Crusades

Ayyubid Dynasty

Bahris

Kingdom of France

 Knights Templar

1256 1270 War of Saint Sabas  Republic of Venice

Count of Jaffa Knights Templar

Republic of Genoa

Philip of Monfort John of Arsuf Knights Hospitaller

1271 1272 Ninth Crusade

Part of the Crusades

Bahris Anjou

Kingdom of Cyprus

Principality of Antioch

 Kingdom of England

Ilkhanate

1291 1291 Siege of Acre (1291) Mamluk Sultanate [[Kingdom of Jerusalem| Kingdom of Jerusalem]] (in union with Cyprus)

Knights Templar

Knights Hospitaller

Teutonic Order

Order of St. Thomas

Order of St. Lazarus

1500–1899

[edit]
Started Ended Name of conflict Belligerents
Victorious party (if applicable) Defeated party (if applicable)
1516 1517 Second Ottoman–Mamluk War

Part of the Ottoman–Mamluk wars

Ottoman Empire Mamluk Sultanate
1658 1667 Druze power struggle (1658–1667) Ottoman Empire Ma'ani Druze Rebels
1798 1801 French campaign in Egypt and Syria

Part of the War of the Second Coalition

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire

United Kingdom Great Britain (1798–1800)

United Kingdom United Kingdom (1801)

Regency of Algiers Regency of Algiers Bedouin Tribesman (1801)

France French Republic
1799 1799 1799 Siege of Jaffa

Part of the French campaign in Egypt and Syria

Part of the War of the Second Coalition

France French Republic Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
1799 1799 1799 Siege of Acre

Part of the French campaign in Egypt and Syria

Part of the War of the Second Coalition

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire

United Kingdom Great Britain

France French Republic
1799 1799 1799 Battle of Mount Tabor France French Republic Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
1831 1833 First Egyptian–Ottoman War  Egypt  Ottoman Empire

 Russian Empire (from 1833)

1834 1835 Syrian Peasant Revolt Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt Alawite clans

Urban notables of:

1838 1838 1838 Druze revolt Ottoman Empire Egypt Eyalet

Chehab's forces supported by:

  • Anaza tribe
  • Wuld Ali tribe
  • Sulut tribe of Laja (since March 1838)
Druze clans

supported by:

  • Sulut tribe of Laja (until March 1838)
  • Maydan quarter of Damascus
1839 1841 Second Egyptian–Ottoman War Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire

United Kingdom British Empire

Austrian Empire Austrian Empire

Russian Empire Russian Empire

Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia

Egypt

 France

Spain Spain

1860 1860 1860 Syrian Civil War Rural Druze clans
  • Abu Nakad clan
  • Imad clan
  • Abu Harmouch clan
  • Talhuq clan
  • Jumblatt clan

Supported by

Maronites and allies

1900–1999

[edit]
Started Ended Name of conflict Belligerents
Victorious party (if applicable) Defeated party (if applicable)
1915 1918 Sinai and Palestine campaign

Part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I

Part of World War I

British Empire British Empire

Kingdom of Hejaz Kingdom of Hejaz

FranceFrance

Kingdom of ItalyKingdom of Italy

 Ottoman EmpireGerman Empire GermanyAustria-Hungary Austria-Hungary
1916 1918 Arab Revolt

Part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I

Part of World War I

Arab Revolt Hashemite Arabs

United Kingdom United Kingdom

 Ottoman Empire
1918 1918 Battle of Megiddo (1918) British Empire British Empire

Kingdom of Hejaz Kingdom of Hejaz

FranceFrance

 Ottoman Empire
1920 1948 Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine Israel Jewish National Council (Yishuv)

Kingdom of Hejaz Arab Higher Committee

Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine (1937-39) Jihadist groups:


 United Kingdom

British Army

Palestine Police Force Jewish Settlement Police Jewish Supernumerary Police Special Night Squads

1936 1939 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

Part of the Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine

 United Kingdom

British Army Palestine Police Force Jewish Settlement Police Jewish Supernumerary Police Special Night Squads Peace Bands


Haganah

Irgun

Arab Higher Committee
1940 1941 Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II

Part of the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II

Part of World War II

 Fascist Italy  United Kingdom
1944 1948 Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine

Part of the Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine

Jewish Resistance Movement United Kingdom British Army

Royal Navy

Royal Air Force

United Kingdom Palestine Police Force

1947 1948 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine

Part of the 1948 Palestine war

Israel Jews of Palestine All-Palestine Protectorate Arabs of Palestine
1948 1949 1948 Arab–Israeli War

Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict

 Israel  Egypt Iraq Transjordan Syria HWA

Arab Liberation Army Lebanon Saudi Arabia  Yemen

Foreign volunteers: Muslim Brotherhood

 Pakistan Sudan

1949 1956 Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency

Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

 Israel All-Palestine Protectorate Palestinian Fedayeen
Supported by:
 Egypt
 Jordan
 Syria
1951 1966 Reprisal operations (Israel)

Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict

 Israel Palestinian Fedayeen
 Jordan
 Egypt
 Syria
1967 1967 Six-Day War

Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict

 Israel  Egypt

 Syria  Jordan Arab Expeditionary Forces: Iraq

 Saudi Arabia  Morocco  Algeria  Libya  Kuwait  Tunisia Sudan  PLO

1967 1970 War of Attrition

Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict

 Israel  Egypt

 Soviet Union  Cuba PLO  Jordan  Syria

1973 1973 Yom Kippur War

Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict

 Israel  Egypt

 Syria Combat support:

1978 1978 1978 South Lebanon conflict

Part of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict

 Israel

Lebanon SLA

 PLO
1982 1985 1982 Lebanon War

Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

 IsraelLebanon SLALebanon Lebanese Front PLO

Syria Syria Hezbollah

Lebanon Jammoul Amal

Al-Mourabitoun Islamic Amal

ASALA Al-Tawhid

PKK

1985 Ongoing Iran–Israel proxy conflict Iran Iran  Israel
1985 2000 South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)

Part of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Hezbollah

Lebanon Jammoul Amal

 IsraelLebanon SLALebanon Lebanese Front
1987 1993 First Intifada

Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

 Israel Unified National Leadership of the Uprising

Hamas

Palestinian Islamic Jihad

2000–2024

[edit]
Started Ended Name of conflict Belligerents
Victorious party (if applicable) Defeated party (if applicable)
2000 2005 Second Intifada

Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Israel Israel  Palestinian Authority

Supported by: Iraq (until 2003)

2000 2006 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict

Part of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Israel Hezbollah

Supported by:

 Syria[5]

 Iran[5]

2006 Ongoing Fatah–Hamas conflict Hamas Fatah

Supported by:

 United States (allegedly)

 United Kingdom (covert)

2006 2006 2006 Lebanon War

Part of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict

 Israel

Supported by:

 United States

Hezbollah

Amal

LCP

PFLP-GC

Supported by:

 Iran

 Syria

 Lebanon

2007 2007 Hamas' takeover of Gaza

Part of the Fatah–Hamas conflict

Hamas Fatah
2008 2009 Gaza War

Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict

Israel Israel  Gaza Strip
2014 2014 2014 Gaza War

Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict

 Israel  Gaza Strip
2018 2018 November 2018 Gaza–Israel clashes

Part of the Gaza-Israel conflict

Israel Israel  Gaza Strip
2019 2019 May 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes

Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict

 Israel  Gaza Strip

Supported by:

 Iran

2019 2019 November 2019 Gaza-Israel clashes

Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict

Israel Israel Palestinian Islamic Jihad
2021 2021 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis Israel Israel Hamas

Palestinian Islamic Jihad

2022 2022 2022 Gaza–Israel clashes

Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Israel Israel Palestinian Islamic Jihad
2023 2023 May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes

Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Israel Israel Palestinian Islamic Jihad

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

2023 2023 October 7 attack

Part of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war

Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict

 Ottoman EmpireGerman Empire Germany

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary Hamas Hamas

Palestinian Islamic Jihad Popular Resistance Committees Popular Resistance Committees

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine

Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades Palestinian Freedom Movement Palestinian Mujahideen Movement

Israel Israel
2023 Ongoing 2023 Israel–Hamas war

Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict

Israel Israel State of Palestine Gaza

State of Palestine West Bank

 Lebanon

 Yemen

 Iraq

Supported by:

2023 Ongoing 2023 Israel–Lebanon border clashes

Part of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Part of the spillover of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war

 Israel  Hezbollah

Hamas

PIJ

PFLP

Lebanese Resistance Brigades

2023 Ongoing Red Sea crisis

Part of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict Part of the Iran–United States proxy conflict Part of the Yemeni crisis Part of the spillover of the Israel–Hamas war

Houthi movement Houthi movement
Axis of Resistance
 Israel
2024 2024 2024 Iran–Israel conflict

Part of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Part of the spillover of the Israel–Hamas war

Iran Iran  IsraelSupported by: United StatesUnited Kingdom United Kingdom

France France

Jordan Jordan

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Shazly, p. 278.
  2. ^ Perez, Louis A. (2014). Cuba Between Reform And Revolution (Paperback ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-19-930144-7. Cuba also dispatched combat troops to Syria in 1973 during the Yom Kipur War
  3. ^ Gott, Cuba, A New History, p. 280.
  4. ^ Tobji, Mahjoub (2006). Les officiers de Sa Majesté: Les dérives des généraux marocains 1956–2006. Fayard. p. 107. ISBN 978-2-213-63015-1.
  5. ^ a b A. Kaufman. The Israel-Hezbollah Conflict and the Shebaa Farms. The Joan B. Croc Institute. 2006.
  6. ^ "Palestinian Al Quds Brigades claim responsibility for attack at Lebanon-Israel border". Al Arabiya. 9 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  7. ^ "Hamide Rencüs: İsrail ilk defa Gazze sınırındaki kontrolü kaybetmiş durumda" [Hamide Rencüs: Israel has lost control of the Gaza border for the first time]. Bianet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  8. ^ Delalande, Arnaud (17 April 2017). "AeroHisto - Aviation History: The Libyan National Army Is Running Out of Air Power". aerohisto.blogspot.com. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  9. ^ "Iran Update, October 17, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 17 October 2023.
  10. ^ "Qassam Brigades announces control of 'Erez Crossing'". Roya News. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  11. ^ "Israel Army Fires Artillery at Lebanon as Hezbollah Claims Attack". Asharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  12. ^ "كتائب الشهيد عز الدين القسام".
  13. ^ "US forces attacked by Iran proxies 27 times in two weeks: Pentagon". 31 October 2023.
  14. ^ "Drone attack on coalition base in Syria results in minor injury to service member from US partner force | CNN Politics". CNN. November 2023.