Mashallah ibn Athari

Masha'allah ibn Athari
Māshāʾallāh gazing at the sky, from the 15th-century manuscript BnF Latin 7432
Born	740 Basra, Abbasid Caliphate, Iraq
Died	815 (aged 75) Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate
Occupation	Astronomer

Māshāʾallāh ibn Atharī (Arabic: ما شاء الله إبن أثري; c. 740 – 815), known as Mashallah, was an 8th century Persian Jewish astrologer, astronomer, and mathematician.^[1] Originally from Khorasan,^[2] he lived in Basra (in present day Iraq) during the reigns of the Abbasid caliphs al-Manṣūr and al-Ma’mūn, and was among those who introduced astrology and astronomy to Baghdad. The bibliographer ibn al-Nadim described Mashallah "as virtuous and in his time a leader in the science of jurisprudence, i.e. the science of judgments of the stars".^[3] Mashallah served as a court astrologer for the Abbasid caliphate and wrote works on astrology in Arabic. Some Latin translations survive.

The Arabic phrase mā shā’ Allāh indicates a believer's acceptance of God's ordainment of good or ill fortune. His name is probably an Arabic rendering of the Hebrew Shiluh. Al-Nadim writes Mashallah's name as Mīshā ("Yithru" or "Jethro").^{[1][4][note 1]}

The crater Messala on the Moon is named after Mashallah.

As a young man Mashallah participated in the founding of Baghdad for Caliph al-Manṣūr in 762 by working with a group of astrologers led by Naubakht the Persian to pick an electional horoscope for the founding of the city,^[5] and building of an observatory.^[6] Attributed the author of 21 works, predominantly on astrology,^[4] Mashallah's authority was established over the centuries in the Middle East, and later in the West, when horoscopic astrology was transmitted to Europe from the 12th century. His writings include both what would be recognized as traditional horary astrology and an earlier type of astrology which casts consultation charts to divine the client's intention. The strong influence of Hermes Trismegistus and Dorotheus is evident in his work.^{[citation needed]}

Mashallah postulated a ten-orb universe rather than the eight-orb model offered by Aristotle and the nine-orb model that was popular in his time. In all Mashallah's planetary model ascribes 26 orbs to the universe, which account for the relative positioning and motion of the seven planets. Of the ten orbs, the first seven contain the planets and the eighth contain the fixed stars. The ninth and tenth orbs were named by Mashallah the "Orb of Signs" and the "Great Orb", respectively. Both of these orbs are starless and move with the diurnal motion, but the tenth orb moves in the plane of the celestial equator while the ninth orb moves around poles that are inclined 24° with respect to the poles of the tenth orb. The ninth is also divided into twelve parts which are named after the zodiacal constellations that can be seen beneath them in the eighth orb. The eight and ninth orbs move around the same poles, but with different motion. The ninth orb moves with daily motion, so that the 12 signs are static with respect to the equinoxes, the eighth Orb of the Fixed Stars moves 1° in 100 years, so that the 12 zodiacal constellations are mobile with respect to the equinoxes. The eight and ninth orbs moving around the same poles also guarantees that the 12 stationary signs and the 12 mobile zodiacal constellations overlap. By describing the universe in such a manner, Mashallah was attempting to demonstrate the natural reality of the 12 signs by stressing that the stars are located with respect to the signs and that fundamental natural phenomena, such as the beginning of the seasons, changes of weather, and the passage of the months, take place in the sublunar domain when the sun enters the signs of the ninth orb.^[3]

Mashallah was an advocate of the idea that the conjunctions of Saturn and Jupiter dictate the timing of important events on Earth. These conjunctions, which occur about every twenty years, take place in the same triplicity for about two hundred years, and special significance is attached to a shift to another triplicity.^[7]

The Big Book of Births (كتاب المواليد الكبير) (14vols); The Twenty-One On Conjunctions, Religions and Sects (الواحد والعشرين في قرانات والأديان والملل); The Projection of [Astrological] Rays (مطرح الشعاع); The Meaning (المعاني); Construction and Operation of Astrolabes (صنعة الإسطرلابات والعمل بها); The Armillary Sphere (ذات الحلق); Rains and Winds (الأمطار والرياح); The Two Arrows (السهمين); Book known as The Seventh & Decimal (Ch.1 – The Beginning of Actions (ابتداء الأعمال); Ch.2 – Averting What Is Predestined (على دفع التدبير); Ch.3 – On Questions (في المسائل); Ch.4 – Testimonies of the Stars (شهادات الكواكب); Ch.5 – Happenings (الحدوث); Ch.6 Movement and Indications of the Two Luminaries [sun & moon]) (تسيير النيرين وما يدلان عليه); The Letters (الحروف); The Sultan (السلطان); The Journey (السفر); Preceptions (الأسعار) ^{[note 2]}; Nativities (المواليد); Revolution (Transfer) of the Years of Nativities (تحويل سني المواليد); Governments (Dynasties) and Sects (الدول والملل); Prediction (Judgement) Based on Conjunctions and Oppositions (الحكم على الاجتماعات والاستقبالات); The Sick (المرضى); Predictions (Judgements) Based On Constellations (Ṣūr)(الصور والحكم عليها);^[1] Mashallah's treatise De mercibus (On Prices) is the oldest known scientific work extant in Arabic,^[9] and the only work of his extant in its original Arabic.^{[citation needed]}

One of Mashallah's most popular works in the Middle Ages was a cosmological treatise. This comprehensive account of the cosmos along Aristotelian lines, covers many topics important to early cosmology. Postulating a ten-orb universe, it strays from traditional cosmology. Mashallah aimed at the lay reader and illustrated his main ideas with comprehensible diagrams. Two versions of the manuscript were printed: a short version (27 chapters) De scientia motus orbis, and an expanded version (40 chapters) De elementis et orbibus.^[3] The short version was translated by Gherardo Cremonese (Gerard of Cremona). Both were printed in Nuremberg, in 1504 and 1549, respectively. This work is commonly abbreviated to De orbe.

• On Conjunctions, Religions, and People was an astrological world history based on conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn.^[1] A few fragments are extant as quotations by the Christian astrologer Ibn Hibinta.^[7]
• Liber Messahallaede revoltione liber annorum mundi, a work on revolutions, and De rebus eclipsium et de conjunctionibus planetarum in revolutionibus annorm mundi, a work on eclipses.
• Nativities under its Arabic title Kitab al – Mawalid, has been partially translated into English from a Latin translation of the Arabic
• On Reception is available in English from the Latin edition by Joachim Heller of Nuremberg in 1549.

Other astronomical and astrological writings are quoted by Suter and Steinschneider.

The Irish Astronomical Tract ^[10] appears based in part on a medieval Latin version of Mashallah. Two-thirds of tract are part-paraphrase part-translation.

The 12th-century scholar and astrologer Abraham ibn Ezra translated two of Mashallah's astrological treatises into Hebrew: She'elot and Ḳadrut (Steinschneider, "Hebr. Uebers." pp. 600–603).

Eleven modern translations of Mashallah's astrological treatises have been translated out of Latin into English.^[6]

• De cogitatione
• Epistola de rebus eclipsium et conjunctionibus planetarum (distinct from De magnis conjunctionibus by Abu Ma'shar al Balkhi; Latin translation : John of Sevilla Hispalenis et Limiensis
• De revolutionibus annorum mundi
• De significationibus planetarum in nativitate
• Liber receptioni
• Works of Sahl and Masha'allah, trans. Benjamin Dykes, Cazimi Press, Golden Valley, MN, 2008.
• Masha'Allah, On Reception, trans. Robert Hand, ARHAT Publications, Reston, VA, 1998.

Mashallah's treatise on the astrolabe, which was translated from Arabic into Latin as De Astrolabii Compositione et Ultilitate, is the first known of its kind.^{[clarification needed]} The source of Geoffrey Chaucer's Treatise on the Astrolabe (1391) in Middle English is not known, but most of his ‘conclusions’ can be traced to a Latin translation of Mashallah's work, Compositio et Operatio Astrolabii. Chaucer's description of the instrument expands upon Mashallah’s version; that Chaucer used the treatise by Mashallah was recognised by the English scholar John Selden in 1613 ^[11] and established for certain by the philologist Walter William Skeat.^[12]

While Mark Harvey Liddell held that Chaucer drew on De Sphaera of John de Sacrobosco for the substantial part of his astronomical definitions and descriptions, the non-correspondence suggests his probable source was another compilation. Skeat's Treatise of the Astrolabe includes a collotype MS facsimile of the Latin version of the second part of Mashallah’s work, which parallels Chaucer's.^[12] This is also found in Robert Gunther's, Chaucer and Messahala on Astrology.^{[13][page needed]} De elementis et orbibus was included in Gregor Reisch's Margarita phylosophica (ed. pr., Freiburg, 1503; Suter says the text is included in the Basel edition of 1583). Its contents primarily deal with the construction and usage of an astrolabe.

In 1981, Paul Kunitzsch argued that the treatise on the astrolabe long attributed to Mashallah is in fact written by Ibn al-Saffar.^{[14][page needed][15]}

• Liber de orbe
• Astrology in medieval Islam
• Jewish views of astrology
• List of Persian scientists and scholars

• Anonymous (2018) [14th century]. "An Irish Astronomical Tract". Translated by Power, Afaula. University College Cork. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
• Belenkiy, Ari (2007). "Māshāʾallāh ibn Atharī (Sāriya)" (PDF). In Hockey, Thomas; et al. (eds.). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Publishers.
• Durant, Will (1950). The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization – Christian, Islamic, and Judaic – from Constantine to Dante A.D. 325–1300. Vol. 4. New York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 869431083.
• Dodge, Bayard (1970). The Fihrist of al-Nadim: a Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture (PDF). Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 59215780.
• Dykes, Benjamin N., ed. (2008). Works of Sahl and Masha'allah. Translated by Dykes, Benjamin N. Cazimi Press. ISBN 978-19345-8-602-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2009.
• Gunther, Robert Theodore (1920). Chaucer and Messahalla on the Astrolabe. Early Science in Oxford. Vol. 5. Oxford: University of Oxford. OCLC 1042928106.
• Hill, Donald R. (1994). Islamic Science and Engineering. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0457-9.
• Lorch, R.P. (2013). "The Astrological History of Māshā'allāh". The British Journal for the History of Science. 6 (4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/s0007087400012644. S2CID 145491804.
• Kunitzsch, Paul (1989). "On the authenticity of the treatise on the composition and use of the astrolabe ascribed to Messahalla". The Arabs and the Stars. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315241340. ISBN 978-1-315-24134-0.
• Sela, Shlomo (2012). "Maimonides and Mashallah on the Ninth Orb of the Signs and Astrology". Historical Studies in Science and Judaism. 12 (1). Indiana University Press; Hebrew University of Jerusalem: 101–134. doi:10.2979/aleph.12.1.101. ISSN 1565-1525. S2CID 170422340.
• Selin, Helaine (1997). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Berlin; New York: Springer Nature. ISBN 978-1-4020-4960-6.
• Skeat, Walter William (1872). A Treatise on the Astrolabe: addressed to his son Lowys by Geoffrey Chaucer A.D. 1391. London: N. Trubner & Co. OCLC 1129737770.
• Thomson, Ron B. (2022). Pseudo-Masha’allah, On the Astrolabe: A Critical Edition of the Latin Text with English Translation. Toronto: Volumes Publishing. ISBN 978-1-7782705-2-9

• Holden, James (2006). A History of Horoscopic Astrology. American Federation of Astrologers, Tempe, Arizona. pp. xii, 103, 104, 108–111, 114, 118, 126, 128, 129, 178, 299. ISBN 978-0-86690-463-6.
• Qiftī (al-), Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn Yūsuf (1903), Lippert, Julius; Weicher, Theodor (eds.), Tarīkh al-Ḥukamā, Leipzig, p. 327{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Robinson, Fred Norris, ed. (1974) [1933]. The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-281157-8. OCLC 1151783928.
• Sarton, George (1962). Introduction to the History of Science. Vol. 1. Baltimore, Maryland: Published for the Carnegie Institution of Washington, by the Williams & Wilkins Co. p. 531. OCLC 1157182492.
• Singer, Isidore, ed. (1902). "Astronomy". The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. London; New York: Funk and Wagnall's Company. p. 249.
• Suter, Heinrich (1900). Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke (in German). Leipzig: Teubner. pp. 3, 5, 9, 228. OCLC 230703086.
• Thorndike, Lynn (1956). "The Latin Translations of Astrological Works by Messahala". Osiris. 12 (12). University of Chicago Press: 49–72. doi:10.1086/368596. ISSN 0369-7827. S2CID 142988162.

• Pseudo-Masha’allah, On the Astrolabe: A Critical Edition of the Latin Text with English Translation from SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma Libraries)
• A facsimile of the 1504 edition of Durer's De scientia motus orbis from the Bavarian State Library