Mujaddid

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Not to be confused with Mujahid.

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A mujaddid (Arabic: مجدد) is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (تجديد, tajdid) to the religion.[1][2] According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revitalize Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.[3]

The concept is based on a hadith (a saying of Islamic prophet Muhammad),[4] recorded by Abu Dawood, narrated by Abu Hurairah who mentioned that Muhammad said:

Allah will raise for this community at the end of every 100 years the one who will renovate its religion for it.

— Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim [Battles], Hadith Number 4278[5]

Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among different hadith viewers. Scholars such as Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people.[6][7]

Mujaddids can include prominent scholars, pious rulers and military commanders.[2]

List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids

Rulers and conquerors such as Saladin, Tamerlane, Shah Rukh, Mehmed II, Selim I, Suleiman I, Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan were often popularly heralded as mujaddids for their roles in Political Islam (Saladin, Ottoman's Selim I and Suleiman I held the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques).[8][9][10][11][12]

While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and Ahmadiyya[13][page needed][14] have their own list of mujaddids.[2]

First century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)

Second century (August 10, 815)

Third century (August 17, 912)

Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)

Fifth century (September 1, 1106)

Sixth century (September 9, 1203)

Seventh century (September 15, 1300)

Eighth century (September 23, 1397)

Ninth century (October 1, 1494)

Tenth century (October 19, 1591)

Eleventh century (October 26, 1688)

Twelfth century (November 4, 1785)

Thirteenth century (November 14, 1882)

Fourteenth century (November 21, 1979)

Claimants in other traditions

References

  1. ^ Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad (16 August 2010). The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid. Lulu.com. p. 7. ISBN 9781446164020. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  2. ^ a b c Meri, Josef W., ed. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 678. ISBN 9780415966900.
  3. ^ "Mujaddid – Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
  4. ^ Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, ISBN 978-0878402243, Chapter 7, pp. 85–89
  5. ^ Sunan Abu Dawood, 37:4278
  6. ^ Fath al-Baari (13/295)
  7. ^ Taareekh al-Islam (23/180)
  8. ^ Jackson, Roy (2010). Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State. Routledge. ISBN 9781136950360.
  9. ^ B. N. Pande (1996). Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies. University of Michigan. ISBN 9788185220383.
  10. ^ a b c Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen by Ali Unal and Alphonse Williams, 10 June 2000; ISBN 978-0970437013
  11. ^ Akgunduz, Ahmed; Ozturk, Said (2011). Ottoman History - Misperceptions and Truths. IUR Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-90-90-26108-9. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  12. ^ a b Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8
  13. ^ Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures. ABC-CLIO, LLC. 10 March 2015. ISBN 9781610692502.
  14. ^ Jesudas M. Athyal, Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures, (ABC-CLIO, LLC 2015), p 1. ISBN 9781610692496.
  15. ^ a b c "Mujaddid Ulema". Living Islam.
  16. ^ a b c d Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906.
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  20. ^ Mohammed M. I. Ghaly, "Writings on Disability in Islam: The 16th Century Polemic on Ibn Fahd's "al-Nukat al-Ziraf"," The Arab Studies Journal, Vol. 13/14, No. 2/1 (Fall 2005/Spring 2006), p. 26, note 98
  21. ^ a b Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906
  22. ^ Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj: Volume 1. p. 403.
  23. ^ a b c The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez
  24. ^ "Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth century Hujjat al-Islam". The Pen. February 1, 2011.
  25. ^ Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. ISBN 0231519990
  26. ^ Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
  27. ^ Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421
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  61. ^ "next mujaddid- Syekh Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki, Benteng Sunni Abad ke-21". Republika (Indonesian newspaper) (in Indonesian). 2015-03-02. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  62. ^ Jalali. "Correct Understanding of the Mawlid – 1 | TAQWA.sg | Tariqatu-l Arusiyyatu-l Qadiriyyah Worldwide Association (Singapore) - Shari'a, Tariqa, Ma'rifa, and Haqiqa". Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
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  66. ^ Adil Hussain Khan, From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia, Indiana University Press, 6 April 2015, p. 42.
  67. ^ Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Oxford University Press. p. 107. ISBN 965-264-014-X.
  68. ^ Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of the Ahmadiyya sect. The Sunni-Shia mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the Ahmadiyya sect as it believes in non-law bearing prophethood after Muhammad.
  69. ^ "Ahmadis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved 2018-09-03. Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a "nonlegislating" prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad's "legislative" prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam.

Further reading

  • Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
  • Friedmann, Yohanan. Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity. Oxford India Paperbacks
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